Dreamy Bouquet™ tea 50g

Clinical References

• Abbasijahromi A, Hojati H, Nikooei S, et al. Compare the effect of aromatherapy using lavender and Damask rose essential oils on the level of anxiety and severity of pain following C-section: A double-blinded randomized clinical trial. J Complement Integr Med. 2019.
• Abelhakim AM, Hussein AS, Doheim MF, Sayed AK. The effect of inhalation aromatherapy in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complement Ther Med. 2020;48:102256.
  Abuhamdah, S., Huang, L., Elliott, M. S., Howes, M. J., Ballard, C., Holmes, C., Burns, A., Perry, E. K., Francis, P. T., Lees, G., and Chazot, P. L. Pharmacological profile of an essential oil derived from Melissa officinalis with anti-agitation properties: focus on ligand-gated channels. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2008;60(3):377-384.
  Agostini M, Hininger-Favier I, Marcourt L, et al. Phytochemical and Biological Investigation of Helianthemum nummularium, a High-Altitude Growing Alpine Plant Overrepresented in Ungulates Diets. Planta Med. 2020;86(16):1185-1190.
  Ahmad R, Naqvi AA, Al-Bukhaytan HM, Al-Nasser AH, Baqer Al-Ebrahim AH. Evaluation of aromatherapy with lavender oil on academic stress: A randomized placebo controlled clinical trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun. 2019;14:100346.
  Ahmadi M, Khalili H, Abbasian L, Ghaeli P. Effect of valerian in preventing neuropsychiatric adverse effects of efavirenz in HIV-positive patients: a pilot randomized, placebo-controlled clinical tral. Ann Pharmacother. 2017 Jun;51(6):457-64.
  Akhondzadeh S, Kashani L, Fotouhi A, et al. Comparison of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. tincture and imipramine in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a double-blind, randomized trial. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2003;27:123-7.
  Akhondzadeh S, Noroozian M, Mohammadi M, et al. Melissa officinalis extract in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease: a double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74:863-6.
  Al Majed, A. A., Al Yahya, A. A., Al Bekairi, A. M., Al Shabanah, O. A., and Qureshi, S. Studies on the cytological and biochemical effects of valerian in somatic and germ cells of Swiss albino mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2006;44(11):1830-1837.
  Albrecht M, Berger W, Laux P, Schmidt U, et al. Psychopharmaka und Verkehrssicherheit. Der Einfluß von Euvegal® – Dragees forte auf die Fahrtüchtigkeit und Kombinationswirkungen mit Alkohol Z Allg Med 1995;71:1215-25.
  Alijaniha F, et al. Heart palpitation relief with Melissa officinalis leaf extract: double blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial of efficacy and safety. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015;164:378-384. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.007. Epub 2015 Feb 11.
  Alikiaie B, Shahmoradi E, Yekdaneh A, Mousavi S. Addition of Valerian and Lemon Balm Extract to Quetiapine Reduces Agitation in Critically Ill Patients with Delirium: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(7):785-790.
  Alkharfy, K. M. and Frye, R. F. Effect of valerian, valerian/hops extracts, and valerenic acid on glucuronidation in vitro. Xenobiotica 2007;37(2):113-123.
  Allahverdiyev, A., Duran, N., Ozguven, M., and Koltas, S. Antiviral activity of the volatile oils of Melissa officinalis L. against Herpes simplex virus type-2. Phytomedicine. 2004;11(7-8):657-661.
  Altaei, D. T. Topical lavender oil for the treatment of recurrent aphthous ulceration. Am J Dent 2012;25(1):39-43.
  Amirhosseini M, Dehghan M, Mangolian Shahrbabaki P, Pakmanesh H. Effectiveness of aromatherapy for relief of pain, nausea, and vomiting after percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a randomized controlled trial. Complement Med Res 2020:1-9.
  Anderson C, Lis-Balchin M, Kirk-Smith M. Evaluation of massage with essential oils on childhood atopic eczema. Phytother Res 2000;14(6):452-6.
  Anderson GD, Elmer GW, Kantor ED, et al. Pharmacokinetics of valerenic acid after administration of valerian in healthy subjects. Phytother Res 2005;19:801-3.
  Andreatini R, Sartori VA, Seabra ML, Leite JR. Effect of valepotriates (valerian extract) in generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled pilot study. Phytother Res 2002;16:650-4.
  Apay, S. E., Arslan, S., Akpinar, R. B., and Celebioglu, A. Effect of aromatherapy massage on dysmenorrhea in Turkish students. Pain Manag.Nurs. 2012;13(4):236-240.
  Araj-Khodaei M, Noorbala AA, Yarani R, et al. A double-blind, randomized pilot study for comparison of Melissa officinalis L. and Lavandula angustifolia Mill. with Fluoxetine for the treatment of depression. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2020;20(1):207.
  Araujo, C., Sousa, M. J., Ferreira, M. F., and Leao, C. Activity of essential oils from Mediterranean Lamiaceae species against food spoilage yeasts. J Food Prot. 2003;66(4):625-632.
  Ardahan Akgül E, Karakul A, Altin A, Dogan P, Hosgör M, Oral A. Effectiveness of lavender inhalation aromatherapy on pain level and vital signs in children with burns: a randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med 2021;60:102758.
  Armstrong NC, Ernst E. A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of a Bach Flower Remedy. Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery 2001;7(4):215-221.
  Arslan I, Aydinoglu S, Karan NB. Can lavender oil inhalation help to overcome dental anxiety and pain in children? A randomized clinical trial. Eur J Pediatr. 2020;179(6):985-992.
  Assessment report on Humulus lupulus L., flos. European Medicines Agency, 2014. Available at: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-report/final-assessment-report-humulus-lupulus-l-flos_en.pdf. Accessed September 29, 2021.
  Association for the Advancement of Restorative Medicine: “German Chamomile (Chamomilla recutita).”
  Auf’mkolk M, Ingbar JC, Amir SM, et al. Inhibition by certain plant extracts of the binding and adenylate cyclase stimulatory effect of bovine thyrotropin in human thyroid membranes. Endocrinology. 1984 Aug;115:527-34.
  Awad, R., Levac, D., Cybulska, P., Merali, Z., Trudeau, V. L., and Arnason, J. T. Effects of traditionally used anxiolytic botanicals on enzymes of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system. Can.J Physiol Pharmacol. 2007;85(9):933-942.
  Awad, R., Muhammad, A., Durst, T., Trudeau, V. L., and Arnason, J. T. Bioassay-guided fractionation of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) using an in vitro measure of GABA transaminase activity. Phytother.Res. 2009;23(8):1075-1081.
  Aydinoglu U, Özcan H, Yücel A, Yücel N, Mutlu M. Valerian induced hypomania: a case report. Bull Clin Psychopharma 2012;22(Suppl. 1):S63.
  Azizi H, Shojaii A, Hashem-Dabaghian F, et al. Effects of Valeriana officinalis (Valerian) on tension-type headache: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine. 2020;10(3):297-304.
  Babpour, E., Angaji, S. A., and Angaji, S. M. Antimicrobial effects of four medicinal plants on dental plaque. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 2009;3(3):132-137.
  Bagheri-Nesami M, Espahbodi F, Nikkhah A, Shorofi SA, Charati JY. The effects of lavender aromatherapy on pain following needle insertion into a fistula in hemodialysis patients. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2014;20(1):1-4.
  Bagheri-Nesami M, Shorofi SA, Nikkhah A, Espahbodi F, Ghaderi Koolaee FS. The effects of aromatherapy with lavender essential oil on fatigue levels in haemodialysis patients: a randomized clinical trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2016 Feb;22:33-7.
  Bakhtiari S, Paki S, Khalili A, et al. Effect of lavender aromatherapy through inhalation on quality of life among postmenopausal women covered by a governmental health center in Isfahan, Iran: A single-blind clinical trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2019;34:46-50. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.11.001.
  Balderer G, Borbély AA. Effect of valerian on human sleep. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1985;87:406-9.
  Ballard CG, O’Brien JT, Reichelt K, Perry EK. Aromatherapy as a safe and effective treatment for the management of agitation in severe dementia: the results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with Melissa. J Clin Psychiatry 2002 Jul;63:553-8.
  Barker SC and Altman PM. A randomised, assessor blind, parallel group comparative efficacy trial of three products for the treatment of head lice in children-melaleuca oil and lavender oil, pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide, and a “suffocation” product. BMC Dermatol 2010;10:6.
  Barker SC and Altman PM. An ex vivo, assessor blind, randomised, parallel group, comparative efficacy trial of the ovicidal activity of three pediculicides after a single application–melaleuca oil and lavender oil, eucalyptus oil and lemon tea tree oil, and a “suffocation” pediculicide. BMC Dermatol 2011;11:14.
  Barton DL, Atherton PJ, Bauer BA, et al. The use of Valeriana officinalis (Valerian) in improving sleep in patients who are undergoing treatment for cancer: a phase III randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study (NCCTG Trial, N01C5). J Support Oncol 2011;9:24-31.
  Bazrafshan MR, Jokar M, Shokrpour N, Delam H. The effect of lavender herbal tea on the anxiety and depression of the elderly: A randomized clinical trial. Complement Ther Med. 2020;50:102393.
  Behboodi Moghadam Z, Rezaei E, Shirood Gholami R, Kheirkhah M, Haghani H. The effect of valerian root extract on the severity of pre menstrual syndrome symptoms. J Tradit Complement Med. 2016 Jan 19;6(3):309-15.
  Bent S, Padula A, Moore D, et al. Valerian for sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med 2006;119:1005-12.
  Bent S, Patterson M, Garvin D. Valerian for sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Alternative Therapies 2001;7:S4.
  Beyliklioglu A, Arslan S. Effect of lavender oil on the anxiety of patients before breast surgery. J Perianesth Nurs. 2019;34(3):587-593.
  Bianco MI, Lúquez C, De Jong L, Fernández RA. Linden flower (Tilia spp.) as potential vehicle of Clostridium botulinum spores in the transmission of infant botulism. Rev Argent Microbiol. 2009 Oct-Dec;41(4):232-6.View abstract.
  Bikmoradi A, Seifi Z, Poorolajal J, et al. Effect of inhalation aromatherapy with lavender essential oil on stress and vital signs in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery: A single-blinded randomized clinical trial. Complement Ther Med. 2015;23(3):331-8.
  Bingham LJ, Tam MM, Palmer AM, Cahill JL, Nixon RL. Contact allergy and allergic contact dermatitis caused by lavender: A retrospective study from an Australian clinic. Contact Dermatitis. 2019;81(1):37-42.
  Bisler H, Pfeifer R, Kluken N, Pauschinger P. [Effects of horse-chestnut seed on transcapillary filtration in chronic venous insufficiency]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1986;111:1321-9.
  Boeters VU. [On treatment of control disorders of the autonomic nervous system with valepotriaten (Valmane)]. MMW 1969;37:1873-1876.
  Bolca, S., Li, J., Nikolic, D., Roche, N., Blondeel, P., Possemiers, S., De, Keukeleire D., Bracke, M., Heyerick, A., van Breemen, R. B., and Depypere, H. Disposition of hop prenylflavonoids in human breast tissue. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010;54 Suppl 2:S284-S294.
  Borho, B. Biologische Therapie von funktionellen Magenerkrankungen. 1991;6:501-509.
  Bounthanh, C., Bergmann, C., Beck, J. P., Haag-Berrurier, M., and Anton, R. Valepotriates, a new class of cytotoxic and antitumor agents. Planta Med. 1981;41(1):21-28.
  Bounthanh, C., Richert, L., Beck, J. P., Haag-Berrurier, M., and Anton, R. The action of valepotriates on the synthesis of DNA and proteins of cultured hepatoma cells. Planta Med. 1983;49(3):138-142.
  Braden, R., Reichow, S., and Halm, M. A. The use of the essential oil lavandin to reduce preoperative anxiety in surgical patients. J Perianesth.Nurs. 2009;24(6):348-355.
  Bradley, B. F., Brown, S. L., Chu, S., and Lea, R. W. Effects of orally administered lavender essential oil on responses to anxiety-provoking film clips. Hum.Psychopharmacol. 2009;24(4):319-330.
  Brandao FM. Occupational allergy to lavender oil. Contact Dermatitis 1986;15(4):249-250.
  Brattstrom, A. Scientific evidence for a fixed extract combination (Ze 91019) from valerian and hops traditionally used as a sleep-inducing aid. Wien.Med Wochenschr. 2007;157(13-14):367-370.
  Buchner KH, Hellings H, Huber M, and et al. [Double blind study as evidence of the therapeutic effect of Melissengeist on psycho-vegetative syndromes]. Medizinische Klinik 1974;69(23):1032-1036.
  Buckle J. Aromatherapy. NursTimes 5-19-1993;89(20):32-35.
  Buckle J. Use of aromatherapy as a complementary treatment for chronic pain. Altern Ther Health Med 1999;5:42-51.
  Budzinski JW, Foster BC, Vandenhoek S, Arnason JT. An in vitro evaluation of human cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition by selected commercial herbal extracts and tinctures. Phytomedicine 2000;7:273-82.
  Budzynska, A., Wieckowska-Szakiel, M., Sadowska, B., Kalemba, D., and Rozalska, B. Antibiofilm activity of selected plant essential oils and their major components. Pol.J.Microbiol. 2011;60(1):35-41.
  Burke H, Jiang S, Chatham P, Stern TA. Delirium After Withdrawal From Valerian Root: A Case Report. Psychosomatics. 2020;61(6):787-790.
  Burke YD, Stark MJ, Roach SL, and et al. Inhibition of pancreatic cancer growth by the dietary isoprenoids farnesol and geraniol. Lipids 1997;32(2):151-156.
  Burns A, Byrne J, Ballard C, Holmes C. Sensory stimulation in dementia. BMJ 2002;325:1312-3.
  Burns A, Perry E, Holmes C, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial of Melissa officinalis oil and donepezil for the treatment of agitation in Alzheimer’s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2011;31:158-64.
  Caballero, I., Agut, M., Armentia, A., and Blanco, C. A. Importance of tetrahydroiso alpha-acids to the microbiological stability of beer. J AOAC Int 2009;92(4):1160-1164.
  Cant A, Shay J, Horrobin DF. The effect of maternal supplementation with linoleic and gamma- linolenic acids on the fat composition and content of human milk: a placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 1991;37:573-9.
  Carrasco MC, Vallejo JR, Pardo-de-Santayana M, et al. Interactions of Valeriana officinalis L. and Passiflora incarnata L. in a patient treated with lorazepam. Phytother Res. 2009 Dec;23:1795-6.
  Carvalho DP, Peters VM, Dias AF, Dutra SCPL, Guerra MO. Valerian treatment during the postpartum period alters breast milk composition and impairs long-term memory in female rat offspring. Braz J Med Biol Res 2021;54(11):e10192.
  Cases J, Ibarra A, Feuillère N, Roller M, Sukkar SG. Pilot trial of Melissa officinalis L. leaf extract in the treatment of volunteers suffering from mild-to-moderate anxiety disorders and sleep disturbances. Med J Nutrition Metab. 2011;4(3):211-218.
  Cases J. Leaf extract in the treatment of volunteers suffering from mild-to-moderate anxiety disorders and sleep disturbances. Mediterr J Nutr Metab. 2010;4(3):211-218.
  Cassella JP, Cassella S, Ashford R, and Siddals E. Antifungal activity of tea tree and lavender essential oils in the treatment of Trichophyton rubrum infection. Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies 2001;6(1):74.
  Cavadas, C., Araujo, I., Cotrim, M. D., Amaral, T., Cunha, A. P., Macedo, T., and Ribeiro, C. F. In vitro study on the interaction of Valeriana officinalis L. extracts and their amino acids on GABAA receptor in rat brain. Arzneimittelforschung. 1995;45(7):753-755.
  Cerny A, Shmid K. Tolerability and efficacy of valerian/lemon balm in healthy volunteers (a double blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study). Fitoterapia 1999;70:221-8.
  Cerny AS and Schmid K. Tolerability and efficacy of valerian/lemon balm in healthy volunteers; a double blind placebo controlled, multicentre study. Fitoterapia 1999;70(3):221-228.
  Cetinkaya, B. and Basbakkal, Z. The effectiveness of aromatherapy massage using lavender oil as a treatment for infantile colic. Int J Nurs.Pract. 2012;18(2):164-169.
  Cha, J. H., Lee, S. H., and Yoo, Y. S. [Effects of aromatherapy on changes in the autonomic nervous system, aortic pulse wave velocity and aortic augmentation index in patients with essential hypertension]. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2010;40(5):705-713.
  Chadwick LR, Pauli GF, Farnsworth NR. The pharmacognosy of Humulus lupulus L. (hops) with an emphasis on estrogenic properties. Phytomedicine 2006;13(1-2):119-31.
  Chadwick, L. R., Nikolic, D., Burdette, J. E., Overk, C. R., Bolton, J. L., van Breemen, R. B., Frohlich, R., Fong, H. H., Farnsworth, N. R., and Pauli, G. F. Estrogens and congeners from spent hops (Humulus lupulus). J Nat.Prod. 2004;67(12):2024-2032.
  Chakurski I, Matev M, Koichev A, et al. [Treatment of chronic colitis with an herbal combination of Taraxacum officinale, Hipericum perforatum, Melissa officinaliss, Calendula officinalis and Foeniculum vulgare]. Vutr Boles. 1981;20:51-4.
  Chang, S. Y. [Effects of aroma hand massage on pain, state anxiety and depression in hospice patients with terminal cancer]. Taehan Kanho.Hakhoe.Chi 2008;38(4):493-502.
  Chen D, Klesmer J, Giovanniello A, et al. Mental status changes in an alcohol abuser taking valerian and gingko biloba. Am J Addict. 2002 Winter;11:75-7.
  Chen, J. H., Chao, Y. H., Lu, S. F., Shiung, T. F., and Chao, Y. F. The effectiveness of valerian acupressure on the sleep of ICU patients: a randomized clinical trial. Int J Nurs.Stud. 2012;49(8):913-920.
  Cheraghbeigi N, Modarresi M, Rezaei M, Khatony A. Comparing the effects of massage and aromatherapy massage with lavender oil on sleep quality of cardiac patients: A randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2019;35:253-258.
  Chiummariello, S., De, Gado F., Monarca, C., Ruggiero, M., Carlesimo, B., Scuderi, N., and Alfano, C. [Multicentric study on a topical compound with lymph-draining action in the treatment of the phlebostatic ulcer of the inferior limbs]. G.Chir 2009;30(11-12):497-501.
  Choi, Y., Jermihov, K., Nam, S. J., Sturdy, M., Maloney, K., Qiu, X., Chadwick, L. R., Main, M., Chen, S. N., Mesecar, A. D., Farnsworth, N. R., Pauli, G. F., Fenical, W., Pezzuto, J. M., and van Breemen, R. B. Screening natural products for inhibitors of quinone reductase-2 using ultrafiltration LC-MS. Anal.Chem 2-1-2011;83(3):1048-1052.
  Chrubasik C, Maier T, Dawid C, et al. An observational study and quantification of the actives in a supplement with Sambucus nigra and Asparagus officinalis used for weight reduction. Phytother Res 2008;22:913-8.
  Chung MJ, Cho SY, Bhuiyan MJ, et al. Anti-diabetic effects of lemon balm ( Melissa officinalis) essential oil on glucose- and lipid-regulating enzymes in type 2 diabetic mice. Br.J.Nutr. 2010;104:180-188.
  Chung, M. and Choi, E. [A comparison between effects of aroma massage and meridian massage on constipation and stress in women college students]. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2011;41(1):26-35.
  Chung, W. G., Miranda, C. L., Stevens, J. F., and Maier, C. S. Hop proanthocyanidins induce apoptosis, protein carbonylation, and cytoskeleton disorganization in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells via reactive oxygen species. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009;47(4):827-836.
  Circosta C, De Pasquale R, Samperi S, et al. Biological and analytical characterization of two extracts from Valeriana officinalis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Jun 13;112:361-7.
  Clegg, R. J., Middleton, B., Bell, G. D., and White, D. A. The mechanism of cyclic monoterpene inhibition of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in vivo in the rat. J Biol Chem 3-10-1982;257(5):2294-2299.
  Clinical & Experimental Allergy: “Anaphylaxis to camomile: clinical features and allergen cross-reactivity.”
  Cohen RA, Kucera LS, and Herrmann EC. Antiviral activity of Melissa officinalis (lemon balm) extract (29600). Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 1964;117:431-434.
  Colgate EC, Miranda CL, Stevens JF, et al. Xanthohumol, a prenylflavonoid derived from hops induces apoptosis and inhibits NF-kappaB activation in prostate epithelial cells. Cancer Lett 2007;246:201-9.
  Conrad, P. and Adams, C. The effects of clinical aromatherapy for anxiety and depression in the high risk postpartum woman – a pilot study. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2012;18(3):164-168.
  Cornu, C., Remontet, L., Noel-Baron, F., Nicolas, A., Feugier-Favier, N., Roy, P., Claustrat, B., Saadatian-Elahi, M., and Kassai, B. A dietary supplement to improve the quality of sleep: a randomized placebo controlled trial. BMC.Complement Altern Med 2010;10:29.
  Cornwell S and Dale A. Lavender oil and perineal repair. Mod Midwife 1995;5(3):31-33.
  Coulson IH and Khan AS. Facial ‘pillow’ dermatitis due to lavender oil allergy. Contact Dermatitis 1999;41(2):111.
  Coxeter PD, Schluter PJ, Eastwood HL, et al. Valerian does not appear to reduce symptoms for patients with chronic insomnia in general practice using a series of randomised n-of-1 trials. Complement Ther Med. 2003 Dec;11:215-22.
  Cropley M, Cave Z, Ellis J, Middleton RW. Effect of kava and valerian on human physiological and psychological responses to mental stress assessed under laboratory conditions. Phytother Res 2002;16:23-7.View abstract.
  Cuellar NG, Ratcliffe SJ. Does valerian improve sleepiness and symptom severity in people with restless legs syndrome? Altern Ther Health Med 2009;15:22-8.
  Cunha S, Meireles D, Machado J. Sambucus nigra – a promising natural source for human health. Exp Pathol Health Sci. 2016;8(2):59-66.
  Czerwinska ME, Dudek MK, Pawlowska KA, Prus A, Ziaja M, Granica S. The influence of procyanidins isolated from small-leaved lime flowers (Tilia cordata Mill.) on human neutrophils. Fitoterapia. 2018;127:115-122.
  D’Auria, F. D., Tecca, M., Strippoli, V., Salvatore, G., Battinelli, L., and Mazzanti, G. Antifungal activity of Lavandula angustifolia essential oil against Candida albicans yeast and mycelial form. Med Mycol. 2005;43(5):391-396.
  Dale A, Cornwell S. The role of lavender oil in relieving perineal discomfort following childbirth: a blind randomized clinical trial. J Adv Nurs 1994;19(1):89-96.
  Dall’Acqua S, Perissutti B, Grabnar I, Farra R, Comar M, Agostinis C, et al. Pharmacokinetics and immunomodulatory effect of lipophilic Echinacea extract formulated in softgel capsules. C, et al. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2015 Nov;97(Pt A):8-14. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.09.021.
  Davari H, Ebrahimian A, Rezayei S, Tourdeh M. Effect of lavender aromatherapy on sleep quality and physiological indicators in patients after CABG surgery: A clinical trial study. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(4):429-434.
  de Sousa, A. C., Alviano, D. S., Blank, A. F., Alves, P. B., Alviano, C. S., and Gattass, C. R. Melissa officinalis L. essential oil: antitumoral and antioxidant activities. J Pharm.Pharmacol. 2004;56(5):677-681.
  Deeb, D., Gao, X., Jiang, H., Arbab, A. S., Dulchavsky, S. A., and Gautam, S. C. Growth inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing effects of xanthohumol, a prenylated chalone present in hops, in human prostate cancer cells. Anticancer Res 2010;30(9):3333-3339.
  Delsignore R, Orlando S, Costi D, Baroni MC, and Butturini. Placebo controlled clinical trial with valerian. Settimana Medica 1980;68(9):437-447.
  Di, Viesti, V, Carnevale, G., Zavatti, M., Benelli, A., and Zanoli, P. Increased sexual motivation in female rats treated with Humulus lupulus L. extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 3-24-2011;134(2):514-517.
  Diaper A, Hindmarch I. A double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of the effects of two doses of a valerian preparation on the sleep, cognitive and psychomotor function of sleep-disturbed older adults. Phytother Res. 2004 Oct;18:831-6.
  Diaz A, Luque L, Badar Z, Kornic S, Danon M. Prepubertal gynecomastia and chronic lavender exposure: report of three cases. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Jan;29(1):103-7.
  Diego MA, Jones NA, Field T, and et al. Aromatherapy positively affects mood, EEG patterns of alertness and math computations. Int J Neurosci. 1998;96(3-4):217-224.
  Dimitrova, Z., Dimov, B., Manolova, N., Pancheva, S., Ilieva, D., and Shishkov, S. Antiherpes effect of Melissa officinalis L. extracts. Acta Microbiol Bulg. 1993;29:65-72.
  Dimpfel W, Suter A. Sleep improving effects of a single dose administration of a valerian/hops fluid extract – a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled sleep-EEG study in a parallel design using electrohypnograms. Eur J Med Res 2008;13:200-4.
  Dimpfel, W., Brattstrom, A., and Koetter, U. Central action of a fixed Valerian-hops extract combination (Ze 91019) in freely moving rats. Eur J Med Res 11-30-2006;11(11):496-500.
  Dimpfel, W., Koch, K., and Weiss, G. Early effect of NEURAPAS(R) balance on current source density (CSD) of human EEG. BMC.Psychiatry 2011;11:123.
  Dixon-Shanies D, Shaikh N. Growth inhibition of human breast cancer cells by herbs and phytoestrogens. Oncol Rep 1999;6:1383-7..
  Djenane, D., Aider, M., Yanguela, J., Idir, L., Gomez, D., and Roncales, P. Antioxidant and antibacterial effects of Lavandula and Mentha essential oils in minced beef inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and S. aureus during storage at abuse refrigeration temperature. Meat.Sci 2012;92(4):667-674.
  Dkbas, N., Bagc, E., Kotan, R., Cakmakc, R., Ozer, H., Mete, E., and Erdogan, G. Comparative antibacterial activities and chemical composition of some plants’ oils against Salmonella enteritidis. Research on Crops 2010;11(1):118-124.
  Dodd F, Kennedy D, Wightman E, et al. The chronic effects of a combination of herbal extracts (Euphytose(®)) on psychological mood state and response to a laboratory stressor: A randomised, placebo-controlled, double blind study in healthy humans. J Psychopharmacol 2022;36(11):1243-1256.
  Dominguez, R. A., Bravo-Valverde, R. L., Kaplowitz, B. R., and Cott, J. M. Valerian as a hypnotic for Hispanic patients. Cultur.Divers.Ethni.Minor.Psychol. 2000;6(1):84-92.
  Donath F, Quispe S, Diefenbach K, et al. Critical evaluation of the effect of valerian extract on sleep structure and sleep quality. Pharmacopsychiatry 2000;33:47-53.
  Donelli D, Antonelli M, Bellinazzi C, Gensini GF, Firenzuoli F. Effects of lavender on anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytomedicine. 2019;65:153099.
  Döner A, Tasci S. Effect of massage therapy with lavender oil on severity of restless legs syndrome and quality of life in hemodialysis patients. J Nurs Scholarsh 2022;54(3):304-314.
  Donovan JL, DeVane CL, Chavin KD, et al. Multiple night-time doses of valerian (Valeriana officinalis) had minimal effects on CYP3A4 activity and no effect on CYP2D6 activity in healthy volunteers. Drug Metab Dispos 2004;32:1333-6.
  Dorn M. [Efficacy and tolerability of Baldrian versus oxazepam in non-organic and non-psychiatric insomniacs: a randomized, double-blind, clinical, comparative study]. Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd 2000;7:79-84.
  Dorn, C., Kraus, B., Motyl, M., Weiss, T. S., Gehrig, M., Scholmerich, J., Heilmann, J., and Hellerbrand, C. Xanthohumol, a chalcon derived from hops, inhibits hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010;54 Suppl 2:S205-S213.
  Dorn, C., Weiss, T. S., Heilmann, J., and Hellerbrand, C. Xanthohumol, a prenylated chalcone derived from hops, inhibits proliferation, migration and interleukin-8 expression of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Int J Oncol. 2010;36(2):435-441.
  Doroshyenko O, Rokitta D, Zadoyan G, et al. Drug cocktail interaction study on the effect of the orally administered lavender oil preparation silexan on cytochrome P450 enzymes in healthy volunteers. Drug Metab Dispos. 2013 May;41(5):987-93.
  Dos Reis Lucena L, Dos Santos-Junior JG, Tufik S, Hachul H. Lavender essential oil on postmenopausal women with insomnia: Double-blind randomized trial. Complement Ther Med 2021;59:102726.
  Dressing H, Kohler S, and Muller WE. Improvement in sleep quality with a high dose valerian-melissa preparation. Psychopharmakotherapie 1996;3:123-130.
  Dressing H. Valerian combination therapy vs. benzodiazepine: same efficacy in the treatment of sleeping disorders? Therapiewoche 1992;42(12):726-736.
  Drozd, J. and Anuszewska, E. The effect of the Melissa officinalis extract on immune response in mice. Acta Pol.Pharm. 2003;60(6):467-470.
  Duan, X., Tashiro, M., Wu, D., Yambe, T., Wang, Q., Sasaki, T., Kumagai, K., Luo, Y., Nitta, S., and Itoh, M. Autonomic nervous function and localization of cerebral activity during lavender aromatic immersion. Technol Health Care 2007;15(2):69-78.
  Dumas, E. R., Michaud, A. E., Bergeron, C., Lafrance, J. L., Mortillo, S., and Gafner, S. Deodorant effects of a supercritical hops extract: antibacterial activity against Corynebacterium xerosis and Staphylococcus epidermidis and efficacy testing of a hops/zinc ricinoleate stick in humans through the sensory evaluation of axillary deodorancy. J Cosmet.Dermatol 2009;8(3):197-204.
  Dunn C, Sleep J, and Collett D. Sensing an improvement: an experimental study to evaluate the use of aromatherapy, massage and periods of rest in an intensive care unit. J Adv Nurs 1995;21(1):34-40.
  Dwyer, A. V., Whitten, D. L., and Hawrelak, J. A. Herbal medicines, other than St. John’s Wort, in the treatment of depression: a systematic review. Altern Med Rev. 2011;16(1):40-49.
  Eadie MJ. Could valerian have been the first anticonvulsant? Epilepsia 2004;45:1338-43.
  Eagon PK, Elm MS, Hunter DS, et al. Medicinal herbs: modulation of estrogen action. Era of Hope Mtg, Dept Defense; Breast Cancer Res Prog, Atlanta, GA 2000;Jun 8-11.
  Ebrahimi S, Paryad E, Ghanbari Khanghah A, Pasdaran A, Kazemnezhad Leili E, Sadeghi Meibodi AM. The effects of lavandula aromatherapy on pain relief after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A randomized clinical trial. Appl Nurs Res 2022;68:151638.
  El-Alfy, A. T., Abourashed, E. A., and Matsumoto, R. R. Nature against depression. Curr Med Chem 2012;19(14):2229-2241.
  Elderberry (Sambucus species). The Poison Plant Patch, Novia Scotia Museum, 2007. Available at: https://museum.gov.ns.ca/poison/?section=species&id=117 (Accessed 16 October 2009).
  Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21. Part 182 — Substances Generally Recognized As Safe. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=182
  Elegbede, J. A., Elson, C. E., Qureshi, A., Tanner, M. A., and Gould, M. N. Inhibition of DMBA-induced mammary cancer by the monoterpene d-limonene. Carcinogenesis 1984;5(5):661-664.
  Elisabetsky, E., Marschner, J., and Souza, D. O. Effects of Linalool on glutamatergic system in the rat cerebral cortex. Neurochem.Res 1995;20(4):461-465.
  Emami-Sigaroudi A, Salari A, Nourisaeed A, et al. Comparison between the effect of aromatherapy with lavender and damask rose on sleep quality in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A randomized clinical trial. ARYA Atheroscler 2021;17(1):1-9.
  Englberger, W., Hadding, U., Etschenberg, E., Graf, E., Leyck, S., Winkelmann, J., and Parnham, M. J. Rosmarinic acid: a new inhibitor of complement C3-convertase with anti- inflammatory activity. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1988;10(6):729-737.
  Erkkola, R., Vervarcke, S., Vansteelandt, S., Rompotti, P., De, Keukeleire D., and Heyerick, A. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over pilot study on the use of a standardized hop extract to alleviate menopausal discomforts. Phytomedicine. 2010;17(6):389-396.
  European elder. Canadian Poisonous Plants Information System. Available at: https://www.cbif.gc.ca/pls/pp/ppack.jump?p_null=all&p_psn=121&p_type=all&p_sci=comm&p_x=px (Accessed 16 October 2009).
  Farah GJ, Ferreira GZ, Danieletto-Zanna CF, Luppi CR, Jacomacci WP. Assessment of Valeriana officinalis l. (Valerian) for Conscious Sedation of Patients During the Extraction of Impacted Mandibular Third Molars: A Randomized, Split-Mouth, Double-Blind, Crossover Study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2019;77(9):1796.e1-1796.e8.
  Farshbaf-Khalili A, Kamalifard M, Namadian M. Comparison of the effect of lavender and bitter orange on anxiety in postmenopausal women: A triple-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2018;31:132-8.
  Feng Y, Dai W, Ke J, et al. Protective effect of valerian extract capsule (VEC) on ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric mucosa injury and ameliorative effect of VEC on gastrointestinal motility disorder. Pharm Biol 2022;60(1):1095-1105.
  Fenselau, C. and Talalay, P. Is oestrogenic activity present in hops? Food Cosmet.Toxicol. 1973;11(4):597-602.
  Fernandez S, Wasowski C, Paladini AC, Marder M. Sedative and sleep-enhancing properties of linarin, a flavonoid-isolated from Valeriana officinalis. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2004;77:399-404.
  Fernández-San-Martín MI, Masa-Font R, Palacios-Soler L, et al. Effectiveness of Valerian on insomnia: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Sleep Med. 2010 Jun;11:505-11.
  Fetrow CW, Avila JR. Professional’s Handbook of Complementary & Alternative Medicines. 1st ed. Springhouse, PA: Springhouse Corp., 1999.
  Firoozeei TS, Barekatain M, Karimi M, Zargaran A, Akhondzadeh S, Rezaeizadeh H. Lavender and dodder combined herbal syrup versus citalopram in major depressive disorder with anxious distress: A double-blind randomized trial. J Integr Med. 2020;18(5):409-415.
  Firoozeei TS, Feizi A, Rezaeizadeh H, Zargaran A, Roohafza HR, Karimi M. The antidepressant effects of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.): A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Complement Ther Med 2021;59:102679.
  Forster-Waldl E, Marchetti M, Scholl I, Focke M, et al. Type I allergy to elderberry (Sambucus nigra) is elicited by a 33.2 kDa allergen with significant homology to ribosomal inactivating proteins. Clin Exp Allergy 2003;33:1703-10.
  Francis AJ, Dempster RJ. Effect of valerian, Valeriana edulis, on sleep difficulties in children with intellectual deficits: randomised trial. Phytomedicine 2002;9:273-9..
  Franco L, Blanck TJ, Dugan K, Kline R, et al. Both lavender fleur oil and unscented oil aromatherapy reduce preoperative anxiety in breast surgery patients: a randomized trial. J Clin Anesth. 2016 Sep;33:243-89.
  Franco, L., Sanchez, C., Bravo, R., Rodriguez, A. B., Barriga, C., Romero, E., and Cubero, J. The sedative effect of non-alcoholic beer in healthy female nurses. PLoS.One. 2012;7(7):e37290.
  Freitas C, Khanal S, Landsberg D, Kaul V. An Alternative Cause of Encephalopathy: Valerian Root Overdose. Cureus 2021;13(9)e17759.
  Friede, M., Liske, E., Woelk, H., and Wustenberg, P. Pflanzliche Wirkstoffe gegen Schlafstorungen. Tw Neurologie Psychiatrie 1997;11(10):697-700.
  Fujii, M., Hatakeyama, R., Fukuoka, Y., Yamamoto, T., Sasaki, R., Moriya, M., Kanno, M., and Sasaki, H. Lavender aroma therapy for behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia patients. Geriatr.Gerontol.Int 2008;8(2):136-138.
  Fukuda T, Akiyama S, Takahashi K, Iwadate Y, Ano Y. Effect of non-alcoholic beer containing matured hop bitter acids on mood states in healthy adults: A single-arm pilot study. Nurs Health Sci 2022;24(1):7-16.
  Fukuda T, Obara K, Saito J, Umeda S, Ano Y. Effects of hop bitter acids, bitter components in beer, on cognition in healthy adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Agric Food Chem 2020;68(1):206-12.
  Fukuda T, Ohnuma T, Obara K, Kondo S, Arai H, Ano Y. Supplementation with Matured Hop Bitter Acids Improves Cognitive Performance and Mood State in Healthy Older Adults with Subjective Cognitive Decline. J Alzheimers Dis. 2020;76(1):387-398.
  Fundukian, L., ed. The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine, third edition, 2009.
  Fussel, A., Wolf, A., and Brattstrom, A. Effect of a fixed valerian-Hop extract combination (Ze 91019) on sleep polygraphy in patients with non-organic insomnia: a pilot study. Eur J Med Res 9-18-2000;5(9):385-390.
  Gabbrielli G, Loggini F, Cioni PL, and et al. Activity of lavandino essential oil against non-tubercular opportunistic rapid grown mycobacteria. Pharmacol Res Commun 1988;20 Suppl 5:37-40.
  Gaby, A. R. Natural remedies for Herpes simplex. Altern.Med Rev. 2006;11(2):93-101.
  Gamez MJ, Jimenez J, Navarro C, and et al. Study of the essential oil of Lavandula dentata L. Pharmazie 1990;45(1):69-70.
  Gao, X., Deeb, D., Liu, Y., Gautam, S., Dulchavsky, S. A., and Gautam, S. C. Immunomodulatory activity of xanthohumol: inhibition of T cell proliferation, cell-mediated cytotoxicity and Th1 cytokine production through suppression of NF-kappaB. Immunopharmacol.Immunotoxicol. 2009;31(3):477-484.
  Garges HP, Varia I, Doraiswamy PM. Cardiac complications and delirium associated with Valerian root withdrawal. [Letter to the Editor]. JAMA 1998;280:1566-7.
  Gauruder-Burmester A, Heim S, Patz B, Seibt S. Cucurbita pepo-Rhus aromatica-Humulus lupulus combination reduces overactive bladder symptoms in women – a noninterventional study. Planta Med. 2019;85(13):1044-53.
  Gazola, R., Machado, D., Ruggiero, C., Singi, G., and Macedo, Alexandre M. Lippia alba, Melissa officinalis and Cymbopogon citratus: effects of the aqueous extracts on the isolated hearts of rats. Pharmacol.Res 2004;50(5):477-480.
  Gedney, J. J., Glover, T. L., and Fillingim, R. B. Sensory and affective pain discrimination after inhalation of essential oils. Psychosom.Med. 2004;66(4):599-606.
  Genédil; F, Karadaève; S, Kiliédil; Akédil;a N, Tan M, Cerit D. The Effect of Aromatherapy on Sleep Quality and Fatigue Level of the Elderly: A Randomized Controlled Study. Holist Nurs Pract. 2020;34(3):155-162.
  Generoso MB, Soares A, Taiar IT, Cordeiro Q, Shiozawa P. Lavender oil preparation (silexan) for treating anxiety: an updated meta-analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017 Feb;37(1):115-17.
  Gerhard, U., Hobi, V., Kocher, R., and Konig, C. [Acute sedatiing effect of a herbal tranquilizer compared to that of bromazepam]. Schweiz.Rundsch.Med.Prax. 12-27-1991;80(52):1481-1486.
  Gerhard, U., Linnenbrink, N., Georghiadou, C., and Hobi, V. Vigilanzmindernde Effekte zweier pflazlicher Schlafmittel (Effects of two plant-based sleep remedies on vigilance). Schweiz.Rundsch.Med.Prax. 4-9-1996;85(15):473-481.
  Gessner B, Klasser M, and Völp A. [Long term effect of a valerian extract (harmonicum much) in persons with sleep disorders]. Therapiewoche 1983;33:5547-5558.
  Gessner, B. and Klasser, M. [Studies on the effect of Harmonicum Much on sleep using polygraphic EEG recordings]. EEG.EMG.Z.Elektroenzephalogr.Elektromyogr.Verwandte.Geb. 1984;15(1):45-51.
  Ghaderi F, Solhjou N. The effects of lavender aromatherapy on stress and pain perception in children during dental treatment: A randomized clinical trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020;40:101182.
  Ghavami T, Kazeminia M, Rajati F. The effect of lavender on stress in individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med 2022;68:102832.
  Ghazizadeh J, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Marx W, et al. The effects of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) on depression and anxiety in clinical trials: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother Res 2021;35(12):6690-6705.
  Ghelardini C, Galeotti N, Salvatore G, and et al. Local anaesthetic activity of the essential oil of Lavandula angustifolia. Planta Med 1999;65(8):700-703.
  Ghods AA, Abforosh NH, Ghorbani R, Asgari MR. The effect of topical application of lavender essential oil on the intensity of pain caused by the insertion of dialysis needles in hemodialysis patients: A randomized clinical trial. Complement Ther Med. 2015;23(3):325-30.
  Giedke, H. and Breyer-Pfaff, U. Critical evaluation of the effect of valerian extract on sleep structure and sleep quality. Pharmacopsychiatry 2000;33(6):239.
  Glass JR, Sproule BA, Herrmann N, et al. Acute pharmacological effects of temazepam, diphenhydramine, and valerian in healthy elderly subjects. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2003;23:260-8.
  Godnic-Cvar, J., Zuskin, E., Mustajbegovic, J., Schachter, E. N., Kanceljak, B., Macan, J., Ilic, Z., and Ebling, Z. Respiratory and immunological findings in brewery workers. Am J Ind Med 1999;35(1):68-75.
  Goel N, Kim H, Lao RP. An olfactory stimulus modifies nighttime sleep in young men and women. Chronobiol Int 2005;22(5):889-904.
  Graham PH, Browne L, Cox H, Graham J. Inhalation aromatherapy during radiotherapy: results of a placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:2372-6.
  Gray AM, Abdel-Wahab YH, Flatt PR. The traditional plant treatment, Sambucus nigra (elder), exhibits insulin-like and insulin-releasing actions in vitro. J Nutr 2000;130:15-20.
  Gray SG, Clair AA. Influence of aromatherapy on medication administration to residential-care residents with dementia and behavioral challenges. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2002;17(3):169-74.
  Gross JJ, Levenson RW. Emotion elicitation using films. Int J Neurosci 1995;9:87-108.
  Grunebaum, L. D., Murdock, J., Castanedo-Tardan, M. P., and Baumann, L. S. Effects of lavender olfactory input on cosmetic procedures. J Cosmet.Dermatol 2011;10(2):89-93.
  Guginski, G., Luiz, A. P., Silva, M. D., Massaro, M., Martins, D. F., Chaves, J., Mattos, R. W., Silveira, D., Ferreira, V. M., Calixto, J. B., and Santos, A. R. Mechanisms involved in the antinociception caused by ethanolic extract obtained from the leaves of Melissa officinalis (lemon balm) in mice. Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 2009;93(1):10-16.
  Gürler M, Kizilirmak A, Baser M. The Effect of Aromatherapy on Sleep and Quality of Life in Menopausal Women with Sleeping Problems: A Non-Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Complement Med Res. 2020;27(6):421-430.
  Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA, et al. In vivo effects of goldenseal, kava kava, black cohosh, and valerian on human cytochrome P450 1A2, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4/5 phenotypes. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2005;77:415-26.
  Gutierrez S, Ang-Lee MK, Walker DJ, Zacny JP. Assessing subjective and psychomotor effects of the herbal medication valerian in healthy volunteers. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2004;78:57-64.
  Gyllenhaal, C., Merritt, S. L., Peterson, S. D., Block, K. I., and Gochenour, T. Efficacy and safety of herbal stimulants and sedatives in sleep disorders. Sleep Med Rev. 2000;4(3):229-251.
  Haag, J. D. and Gould, M. N. Mammary carcinoma regression induced by perillyl alcohol, a hydroxylated analog of limonene. Cancer Chemother.Pharmacol 1994;34(6):477-483.
  Hadi, N. and Hanid, A. A. Lavender essence for post-cesarean pain. Pak.J Biol.Sci 6-1-2011;14(11):664-667.
  Hadley S, Petry JJ. Valerian. Am Fam Physician 2003;67:1755-8..
  Hajhashemi V, Ghannadi A, Sharif B. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of the leaf extracts and essential oil of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. J Ethnopharmacol 2003;89:67-71.
  Hajizadeh I, Jamshidi M, Kazemi M, Kargar H, Sadeghi T. Comparison the effect of valerian and gabapentin on RLS and sleep quality in hemodialysis patients: A randomized clinical trial. Ther Apher Dial 2023.
  Hall, A. J., Babish, J. G., Darland, G. K., Carroll, B. J., Konda, V. R., Lerman, R. H., Bland, J. S., and Tripp, M. L. Safety, efficacy and anti-inflammatory activity of rho iso-alpha-acids from hops. Phytochemistry 2008;69(7):1534-1547.
  Hamzeh S, Safari-Faramani R, Khatony A. Effects of Aromatherapy with Lavender and Peppermint Essential Oils on the Sleep Quality of Cancer Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020;2020:7480204.
  Han, Z. Z., Yan, Z. H., Liu, Q. X., Hu, X. Q., Ye, J., Li, H. L., and Zhang, W. D. Acylated iridoids from the roots of Valeriana officinalis var. latifolia. Planta Med 2012;78(15):1645-1650.
  Hanganu, D., Vlase, L., Filip, L., Sand, C., Mirel, S., and Indrei, L. L. The study of some polyphenolic compounds from Melissa officinalis L. (Lamiaceae). Rev.Med.Chir Soc.Med.Nat.Iasi 2008;112(2):525-529.
  Hänsel R, Wohlfart R, and Schmidt H. The sedative-hypnotic principle of hops. 3. Communication: contents of 2-methyl-3-butene-2-ol in hops and hop preparations. Planta Med 1982;45:224-228.
  Hansel, R., Wohlfart, R., and Coper, H. [Sedative-hypnotic compounds in the exhalation of hops, II]. Z.Naturforsch.[C.] 1980;35(11-12):1096-1097.
  Hardy M, Kirk-Smith MD, and Stretch DD. Replacement of drug treatment for insomnia by ambient odour. Lancet 9-9-1995;346(8976):701.
  Hartkorn, A., Hoffmann, F., Ajamieh, H., Vogel, S., Heilmann, J., Gerbes, A. L., Vollmar, A. M., and Zahler, S. Antioxidant effects of xanthohumol and functional impact on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Nat Prod 2009;72(10):1741-1747.
  Hashem-Dabaghian F, Ali Azimi S, Bahrami M, Latifi SA, Enayati A, Qaraaty M. Effect of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia L.) syrup on olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 infection: A pilot controlled clinical trial. Avicenna J Phytomed 2022;12(1):1-7.
  Hashemi SH, Hajbagheri A, Aghajani M. The effect of massage with lavender oil on restless leg syndrome in hemodialysis patients: a randomized controlled trial. Nurs Midwifery Stud. 2015 Dec;4(4):e29617.
  Hassanzadeh M, Kiani F, Bouya S, Zarei M. Comparing the effects of relaxation technique and inhalation aromatherapy on fatigue in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2018;31:210-214.
  Hay IC, Jamieson M, Ormerod AD. Randomized trial of aromatherapy. Successful treatment for alopecia areata. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:1349-52.
  Hellum BH, Hu Z, Nilsen OG. The induction of CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 by six trade herbal products in cultured primary human hepatocytes. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007 Jan;100:23-30.
  Hellum BH, Nilsen OG. The in vitro inhibitory potential of trade herbal products on human CYP2D6-mediated metabolism and the influence of ethanol. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007 Nov;101:350-8.
  Henderson MC, Miranda CL, Stevens JF, et al. In vitro inhibition of human P450 enzymes by prenylated flavonoids from hops, Humulus lupulus. Xenobiotica 2000;30:235-51..
  Hendriks, H., Bos, R., Allersma, D. P., Malingre, T. M., and Koster, A. S. Pharmacological screening of valerenal and some other components of essential oil of Valeriana officinalis. Planta Med 1981;42(1):62-68.
  Henley DV, Lipson N, Korach KS, Bloch CA. Prepubertal gynecomastia linked to lavender and tea tree oils. N Eng J Med 2007;356:479-85.
  Herberg, KW. Nebenwirkungen pflanzlicher Beruhigungsmittel/ Leistung und Befinden nach Einnahme einer Baldrian-Hopfen-Kombination. Z.Allg Med 1996;72:234-240.
  Herrera-Arellano, A., Luna-Villegas, G., Cuevas-Uriostegui, M. L., Alvarez, L., Vargas-Pineda, G., Zamilpa-Alvarez, A., and Tortoriello, J. Polysomnographic Evaluation of the Hypnotic Effect of Valeriana edulis Standardized Extract in Patients Suffering from Insomnia. Planta Med 2001;67(8):695-699.
  Herrmann, E. C., Jr. and Kucera, L. S. Antiviral substances in plants of the mint family (labiatae). II. Nontannin polyphenol of Melissa officinalis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1967;124(3):869-874.
  Heshmati J, Morvaridzadeh M, Sepidarkish M, et al. Effects of Melissa officinalis (Lemon Balm) on cardio-metabolic outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother Res. 2020;34(12):3113-3123.
  Heuberger, E., Redhammer, S., and Buchbauer, G. Transdermal absorption of (-)-linalool induces autonomic deactivation but has no impact on ratings of well-being in humans. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004;29(10):1925-1932.
  Heyerick, A., Vervarcke, S., Depypere, H., Bracke, M., and De Keukeleire, D. A first prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the use of a standardized hop extract to alleviate menopausal discomforts. Maturitas 5-20-2006;54(2):164-175.
  Hirokawa K, Nishimoto T, Taniguchi T. Effects of lavender aroma on sleep quality in healthy Japanese students. Perceptual and Motor Skills 2012;114(1):111-22.
  Hohmann, J., Zupko, I., Redei, D., Csanyi, M., Falkay, G., Mathe, I., and Janicsak, G. Protective effects of the aerial parts of Salvia officinalis, Melissa Officinalis and Lavandula angustifolia and their constituents against enzyme-dependent and enzyme-independent lipid peroxidation. Planta Med 1999;65(6):576-578.
  Holick, M. F., Lamb, J. J., Lerman, R. H., Konda, V. R., Darland, G., Minich, D. M., Desai, A., Chen, T. C., Austin, M., Kornberg, J., Chang, J. L., Hsi, A., Bland, J. S., and Tripp, M. L. Hop rho iso-alpha acids, berberine, vitamin D3 and vitamin K1 favorably impact biomarkers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women in a 14-week trial. J Bone Miner.Metab 2010;28(3):342-350.
  Holmes C, Hopkins V, Hensford C, et al. Lavender oil as a treatment for agitated behaviour in severe dementia: a placebo controlled study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002;17(4):305-8.
  Holtmann G, Madisch A, Juergen H, et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial on the effects of an herbal preparation in patients with functional dyspepsia [Abstract]. Ann Mtg Digestive Disease Week 1999 May:A65.
  Hongratanaworakit, T. Aroma-therapeutic effects of massage blended essential oils on humans. Nat.Prod.Commun. 2011;6(8):1199-1204.
  Houghton PJ. The scientific basis for the reputed activity of Valerian. J Pharm Pharmacol 1999;51:505-12.
  Houghton, P. J. The biological activity of Valerian and related plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 1988;22(2):121-142.
  Howard, S. and Hughes, B. M. Expectancies, not aroma, explain impact of lavender aromatherapy on psychophysiological indices of relaxation in young healthy women. Br J Health Psychol. 2008;13(Pt 4):603-617.
  Hoya, Y., Matsumura, I., Fujita, T., and Yanaga, K. The use of nonpharmacological interventions to reduce anxiety in patients undergoing gastroscopy in a setting with an optimal soothing environment. Gastroenterol.Nurs. 2008;31(6):395-399.
  Hubner, R., van, Haselen R., and Klein, P. Effectiveness of the homeopathic preparation Neurexan compared with that of commonly used valerian-based preparations for the treatment of nervousness/restlessness – an observational study. ScientificWorldJournal. 2009;9:733-745.
  Hussain, A. I., Farooq Anwar, Nigam, P. S., Sarker, S. D., Moore, J. E., Rao, J. R., and Mazumdar, A. Antibacterial activity of some Lamiaceae essential oils using resazurin as an indicator of cell growth. LWT – Food Science and Technology 2012;44(4):1199-1206.
  Ibarra, A., Feuillere, N., Roller, M., Lesburgere, E., and Beracochea, D. Effects of chronic administration of Melissa officinalis L. extract on anxiety-like reactivity and on circadian and exploratory activities in mice. Phytomedicine. 2010;17(6):397-403.
  Imura M, Misao H, Ushijima H. The psychological effects of aromatherapy-massage in healthy postpartum mothers. J Midwifery Womens Health 2006;51(2):e21-e27.
  Itai T, Amayasu H, Kuribayashi M, and et al. Psychological effects of aromatherapy on chronic hemodialysis patients. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2000;54(4):393-397.
  Ivanova, D., Gerova, D., Chervenkov, T., and Yankova, T. Polyphenols and antioxidant capacity of Bulgarian medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol 1-4-2005;96(1-2):145-150.
  Jacobs BP, Bent S, Tice JA, et al. An internet-based randomized, placebo-controlled trial of kava and valerian for anxiety and insomnia. Medicine (Baltimore) 2005;84:197-207.
  Jager W, Buchbauer G, Jirovetz L, and et al. Percutaneous absorption of lavender oil from massage oil. J Soc Cosmet Chem 1992;43:49-54.
  Jansen W. Doppelblindstudie mit Baldrisedon. Therapiewoche 1977;27:2779-2786.
  Jenabi E, Shobeiri F, Hazavehei SMM, Roshanaei G. The effect of valerian on the severity and frequency of hot flashes: a triple-blind randomized clinical trial. Women Health. 2017 Feb 16:1-8.
  Jimbo, D., Kimura, Y., Taniguchi, M., Inoue, M., and Urakami, K. Effect of aromatherapy on patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Psychogeriatrics. 2009;9(4):173-179.
  Jones T, Purdy M, Stewart EA, et al. Lavender aromatherapy to reduce anxiety during intrauterine insemination: A randomized controlled trial. Glob Adv Health Med 2021;10:21649561211059074.
  Jones, C. The efficacy of lavender oil on perineal trauma: a review of the evidence. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2011;17(4):215-220.
  Jones, J. L., Fernandez, M. L., McIntosh, M. S., Najm, W., Calle, M. C., Kalynych, C., Vukich, C., Barona, J., Ackermann, D., Kim, J. E., Kumar, V., Lott, M., Volek, J. S., and Lerman, R. H. A Mediterranean-style low-glycemic-load diet improves variables of metabolic syndrome in women, and addition of a phytochemical-rich medical food enhances benefits on lipoprotein metabolism. J Clin Lipidol. 2011;5(3):188-196.
  Kamm-Kohl AV, Jansen W, Brickman P. Modern Baldriantherapie gegen nervöse Störungen im Senium. Die Medizinische Welt 1984;35:1450-1454.
  Kane FM, Brodie EE, Coull A, et al. The analgesic effect of odour and music upon dressing change. Br J Nurs 2004;13(19):S4-12.
  Kang HJ, Nam ES, Lee Y, Kim M. How strong is the evidence for the anxiolytic efficacy of lavender?: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci). 2019;13(5):295-305.
  Kang HY, Na SS and Kim YK. [Effects of oral care with essential oil on improvement in oral health status of hospice patients]. J Korean Acad Nurs 2010;40(4):473-481.
  Karaman S, Karaman T, Tapar H, Dogru S, Suren M. A randomized placebo-controlled study of aromatherapy for the treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Complement Ther Med 2019;42:417-21. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2018.12.019.
  Karaman T, Karaman S, Dogru S, Tapar H, et al. Evaluating the efficacy of lavender aromatherapy on peripheral venous cannulation pain and anxiety: a prospective, randomized study. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2016 May;23:64-8.
  Karan NB. Influence of lavender oil inhalation on vital signs and anxiety: A randomized clinical trial. Physiol Behav. 2019;211:112676.
  Karimi, I., Hayatgheybi, H., Razmjo, M., Yousefi, M., Dadyan, A., and Hadipour, M. Anti-hyperlipidaemic effects of an essential oil of Melissa officinalis L. in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Journal of Applied Biological Sciences 2010;4(1):17-22.
  Karimzadeh Z, Azizzadeh Forouzi M, Rahiminezhad E, Ahmadinejad M, Dehghan M. The Effects of Lavender and Citrus aurantium on Anxiety and Agitation of the Conscious Patients in Intensive Care Units: A Parallel Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Biomed Res Int 2021;2021:5565956.
  Kasper S, Gastpar M, Müller WE, et al. Lavender oil preparation Silexan is effective in generalized anxiety disorder–a randomized, double-blind comparison to placebo and paroxetine. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014 Jun;17(6):859-69.
  Kasper, S., Gastpar, M., Muller, W. E., Volz, H. P., Moller, H. J., Dienel, A., and Schlafke, S. Efficacy and safety of silexan, a new, orally administered lavender oil preparation, in subthreshold anxiety disorder – evidence from clinical trials. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2010;160(21-22):547-556.
  Kasper, S., Gastpar, M., Muller, W. E., Volz, H. P., Moller, H. J., Dienel, A., and Schlafke, S. Silexan, an orally administered Lavandula oil preparation, is effective in the treatment of ‘subsyndromal’ anxiety disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010;25(5):277-287.
  Kazeminia M, Abdi A, Vaisi-Raygani A, et al. The Effect of Lavender (Lavandula stoechas L.) on Reducing Labor Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020;2020:4384350.
  Kazemzadeh R, Nikjoue R, Rostamnegad M, Norouzi H. Effect of lavender aromatherapy on menopause hot flushing: a crossover randomized clinical trial. J Chin Med Assoc. 2016 Sep;79(9):489-92.
  Kennedy DO, Little W, Haskell CF, et al. Anxiolytic effects of a combination of Melissa officinalis and Valeriana officinalis during laboratory induced stress. Phytother Res. 2006 Feb;20:96-102.
  Kennedy DO, Little W, Scholey AB. Attenuation of laboratory-induced stress in humans after acute administration of Melissa officinalis (Lemon Balm). Psychosom Med. 2004 Jul-Aug;66:607-13.
  Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Tildesley NT, et al. Modulation of mood and cognitive performance following acute administration of Melissa officinalis (lemon balm). Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2002;72:953-64.
  Kennedy DO, Wake G, Savelev S, et al. Modulation of mood and cognitive performance following acute administration of single doses of Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm) with human CNS nicotinic and muscarinic receptor-binding properties. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 Oct;28:1871-81.
  Kermanshahi, R. K, Esfahani, B. N, Serkani, J. E, Asghari, G. R, and Babaie, A. A. P. The study of antibacterial effect of Humulus lupulus on some of Gram positive & Gram negative bacteria. Journal of Medicinal Plants 2009;8(30):92-97.
  Keskn, D., Oskay, D., and Oskay, M. Antimicrobial activity of selected plant spices marketed in the West Anatolia. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 2010;12(6):916-920.
  Kheirkhah J, Ghorbani Z, Salari A, et al. Melissa officinalis tea favourably affects the frequency of premature ventricular beats and cardiometabolic profile among patients with premature ventricular contraction: A randomised open-label controlled trial. Int J Clin Pract 2021;75(10):e14644.
  Khom, S., Baburin, I., Timin, E., Hohaus, A., Trauner, G., Kopp, B., and Hering, S. Valerenic acid potentiates and inhibits GABA(A) receptors: molecular mechanism and subunit specificity. Neuropharmacology 2007;53(1):178-187.
  Kia YH, Alexander S, Dowling D, Standish R. A case of steroid-responsive valerian-associated hepatitis. Intern Med J. 2016 Jan;46(1):118-9.
  Kianpour M, Mansouri A, Mehrabi T, Asghari G. Effect of lavender scent inhalation on prevention of stress, anxiety, and depression in the postpartum period. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2016 Mar-Apr;21(2):197-201.
  Kim-Kohl AV, Jansen W Brickman P. Modern Baldriantherapie gegen nervöse Störungen im Senium. Die Medizinische Welt 1984;35:1450-1454.
  Kim, M. J., Nam, E. S., and Paik, S. I. [The effects of aromatherapy on pain, depression, and life satisfaction of arthritis patients]. Taehan Kanho.Hakhoe.Chi 2005;35(1):186-194.
  Kim, M. Y., Park, B. Y., Lee, H. S., Park, E. K., Hahm, J. C., Lee, J., Hong, Y., Choi, S., Park, D., Lee, H., and Yoon, M. The anti-angiogenic herbal composition Ob-X inhibits adipose tissue growth in obese mice. Int.J.Obes.(Lond) 2010;34(5):820-830.
  Kim, S., Kim, H. J., Yeo, J. S., Hong, S. J., Lee, J. M., and Jeon, Y. The effect of lavender oil on stress, bispectral index values, and needle insertion pain in volunteers. J Altern Complement Med 2011;17(9):823-826.
  Kizaibek, M., Kopp, B., Prinz, S., Popescu, R., and Upur, H. Antiproliferative activity of individual herbs of Abnormal Savda Munziq on HL-60 cells. Science & Technology Review 2009;19:94-98.
  Klepser TB, Klepser ME. Unsafe and potentially safe herbal therapies. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1999;56:125-38.
  Kligler, B., Homel, P., Blank, A. E., Kenney, J., Levenson, H., and Merrell, W. Randomized trial of the effect of an integrative medicine approach to the management of asthma in adults on disease-related quality of life and pulmonary function. Altern.Ther.Health Med. 2011;17(1):10-15.
  Kodama T, Watanabe T, Mataki N, Kanoh S, Kichikawa Y. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia following aromatherapy with essential oil. Respir Med Case Rep 2022;37:101657.
  Koetter U, Schrader E, Käufeler R, et al. A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, prospective clinical study to demonstrate clinical efficacy of a fixed valerian hops extract combination (Ze 91019) in patients suffering from non-organic sleep disorder. Phytother Res 2007;21:847-51.
  Koetter, U and Biendl, M. HOPS. HerbalGram 2010;(87):44-57.
  Kohnen R, Oswald WD. The effects of valerian, propranolol, and their combination on activation, performance, and mood of healthy volunteers under social stress conditions. Pharmacopsychiatry 1988;21:447-8.
  Komori, T., Matsumoto, T., Motomura, E., and Shiroyama, T. The sleep-enhancing effect of valerian inhalation and sleep-shortening effect of lemon inhalation. Chem Senses 2006;31(8):731-737.
  Konda, V. R., Desai, A., Darland, G., Bland, J. S., and Tripp, M. L. Rho iso-alpha acids from hops inhibit the GSK-3/NF-kappaB pathway and reduce inflammatory markers associated with bone and cartilage degradation. J Inflamm.(Lond) 2009;6:26.
  Koytchev R, Alken RG, Dundarov S. Balm mint extract (Lo-701) for topical treatment of recurring herpes labialis. Phytomedicine 1999;6:225-30.
  Kritsidima, M., Newton, T., and Asimakopoulou, K. The effects of lavender scent on dental patient anxiety levels: a cluster randomised-controlled trial. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2010;38(1):83-87.
  Kucera, L. S. and Herrmann, E. C., Jr. Antiviral substances in plants of the mint family (labiatae). I. Tannin of Melissa officinalis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1967;124(3):865-869.
  Kucera, L. S., Cohen, R. A., and Herrmann, E. C., Jr. Antiviral activities of extracts of the lemon balm plant. Ann N.Y.Acad Sci 7-30-1965;130(1):474-482.
  Kuhlmann J, Berger W, Podzuweit H, Schmidt U. The influence of valerian treatment on “reaction time, alertness and concentration” in volunteers. Pharmacopsychiatry 1999;32:235-41.
  Kutlu, A. K. Yilmaz E. et al. Effects of aroma inhalation on examination anxiety. Teaching & Learning in Nursing 2008;3(4):125-130.
  Lacher SK, Mayer R, Sichardt K, et al. Interaction of valerian extracts of different polarity with adenosine receptors: identification of isovaltrate as an inverse agonist at A1 receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2007;73(2):248-58.
  Lagoni, N. Wirksamkeitsprüfung eines pflanzlichen Tagessedativums in einer multizentrischen Studie. 1998;39(3):166-169.
  Langezaal, C. R., Chandra, A., and Scheffer, J. J. Antimicrobial screening of essential oils and extracts of some Humulus lupulus L. cultivars. Pharm Weekbl Sci 12-11-1992;14(6):353-356.
  Lantry LE, Zhang Z, Gao F, and et al. Chemopreventive effect of perillyl alcohol on 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1- (3-pyridyl)-1-butanone induced tumorigenesis in (C3H/HeJ X A/J)F1 mouse lung. J Cell Biochem Suppl 1997;27:20-25.
  Lara, M. S., Gutierrez, J. I., Timon, M., and Andres, A. I. Evaluation of two natural extracts (Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Melissa officinalis L.) as antioxidants in cooked pork patties packed in MAP. Meat.Sci. 2011;88(3):481-488.
  Larrondo, J. V., Agut, M., and Calvo-Torras, M. A. Antimicrobial activity of essences from labiates. Microbios 1995;82(332):171-172.
  Leathwood PD, Chauffard F, Heck E, Munoz-Box R. Aqueous extract of valerian root (Valeriana officinalis L.) improves sleep quality in man. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1982;17:65-71.
  Leathwood PD, Chauffard F. Aqueous extract of valerian reduces latency to fall asleep in man. Planta Med 1985;2:144-8.
  Leathwood, P. D. and Chauffard, F. Quantifying the effects of mild sedatives. J Psychiatr.Res 1982;17(2):115-122.
  Lee J, Chae K, Ha J, et al. Regulation of obesity and lipid disorders by herbal extracts from Morus alba, Melissa officinalis, and Artemisia capillaris in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2008;115:263-70.
  Lee KM, Jung JS, Song DK, and et al. Effects of Humulus lupulus extract on the central nervous system in mice. Planta Med 1993;59(Suppl):A691.
  Lee, I. S., Lim, J., Gal, J., Kang, J. C., Kim, H. J., Kang, B. Y., and Choi, H. J. Anti-inflammatory activity of xanthohumol involves heme oxygenase-1 induction via NRF2-ARE signaling in microglial BV2 cells. Neurochem.Int 2011;58(2):153-160.
  Lee, S. Y. [The effect of lavender aromatherapy on cognitive function, emotion, and aggressive behavior of elderly with dementia]. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi 2005;35(2):303-312.
  Lefebvre T, Foster BC, Drouin CE, et al. In vitro activity of commercial valerian root extracts against human cytochrome P450 3A4. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci 2004;7:265-73.
  Lehrner J, Marwinski G, Lehr S, et al. Ambient odors of orange and lavender reduce anxiety and improve mood in a dental office. Physiol Behav 2005;86(1-2):92-5.
  Lerman, R. H., Minich, D. M., Darland, G., Lamb, J. J., Chang, J. L., Hsi, A., Bland, J. S., and Tripp, M. L. Subjects with elevated LDL cholesterol and metabolic syndrome benefit from supplementation with soy protein, phytosterols, hops rho iso-alpha acids, and Acacia nilotica proanthocyanidins. J Clin Lipidol. 2010;4(1):59-68.
  Lewith GT, Godfrey AD, Prescott P. A single-blinded, randomized pilot study evaluating the aroma of Lavandula augustifolia as a treatment for mild insomnia. J Altern Complement Med 2005;11:631-7.
  Li D, Li Y, Bai X, Wang M, Yan J, Cao Y. The effects of aromatherapy on anxiety and depression in people with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health 2022;10:853056.
  Li MK, Blacklock NJ, Garside J. Effects of magnesium on calcium oxalate crystallization. J Urol 1985;133:23.
  Lillehei AS, Halcón LL, Savik K, Reis R. Effect of Inhaled Lavender and Sleep Hygiene on Self-Reported Sleep Issues: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2015;21(7):430-8.
  Lin JT, Chen YC, Lee YC, at al. Antioxidant, anti-proliferative and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory activities of ethanolic extracts from lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) leaves. LWT Food Sci Technol. 2012;49:1-7.
  Lin PW, Chan W, Ng BF, Lam LC. Efficacy of aromatherapy (Lavandula angustifolia) as an intervention for agitated behaviours in Chinese older persons with dementia: a cross-over randomized trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007;22:405-10.
  Lin, S., Zhang, Z. X., Chen, T., Ye, J., Dai, W. X., Shan, L., Su, J., Shen, Y. H., Li, H. L., Liu, R. H., Xu, X. K., Wang, H., and Zhang, W. D. Characterization of chlorinated valepotriates from Valeriana jatamansi. Phytochemistry 2013;85:185-193.
  Lindahl O, Lindwall L. Double blind study of a valerian preparation. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1989 Apr;32:1065-6.
  Lis-Balchin, M. and Hart, S. A preliminary study of the effect of essential oils on skeletal and smooth muscle in vitro. J Ethnopharmacol 1997;58(3):183-187.
  Lis-Balchin, M. and Hart, S. Studies on the mode of action of the essential oil of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia P. Miller). Phytother Res 1999;13(6):540-542.
  Liu J, Burdette JE, Xu H, et al. Evaluation of estrogenic activity of plant extracts for the potential treatment of menopausal symptoms. J Agric Food Chem 2001;49:2472-9..
  Lopez-Jaen, A. B., Codoñer-Franch, P, Martínez-Álvarez, J. R., Villarino-Marín, A, and Valls-Bellés, V. Effect on health of non-alcohol beer and hop supplementation in a group of nuns in a closed order. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2010;69(OCE3):26.
  Louis, M. and Kowalski, S. D. Use of aromatherapy with hospice patients to decrease pain, anxiety, and depression and to promote an increased sense of well-being. Am.J Hosp.Palliat.Care 2002;19(6):381-386.
  Lukaczer D, Darland G, Tripp M, et al. A pilot trial evaluating Meta050, a proprietary combination of reduced iso-alpha acids, rosemary extract and oleanolic acid in patients with arthritis and fibromyalgia. Phytother Res 2005;19(10):864-9.
  Lupinacci, E., Meijerink, J., Vincken, J. P., Gabriele, B., Gruppen, H., and Witkamp, R. F. Xanthohumol from hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is an efficient inhibitor of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha release in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages and U937 human monocytes. J Agric Food Chem 8-26-2009;57(16):7274-7281.
  Luzak B, Kassassir H, Roj E, Stanczyk L, Watala C, Golanski J. Xanthohumol from hop cones (Humulus lupulus L) prevents ADP-induced platelet reactivity. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2017 Feb;123(1):54-60.
  Lytle J, Mwatha C, Davis KK. Effect of lavender aromatherapy on vital signs and perceived quality of sleep in the intermediate care unit: a pilot study. Am J Crit Care. 2014;23(1):24-9.
  MacGregor FB, Abernethy VE, Dahabra S, et al. Hepatotoxicity of herbal remedies. BMJ 1989;299:1156-7.
  Madisch A, Holtmann G, Mayr G, et al. Treatment of functional dyspepsia with a herbal preparation. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Digestion 2004;69:45-52.
  Madisch A, Melderis H, Mayr G, et al. [A plant extract and its modified preparation in functional dyspepsia. Results of a double-blind placebo controlled comparative study]. Z Gastroenterol 2001;39(7):511-7.
  Mahdavikian S, Fallahi M, Khatony A. Comparing the Effect of Aromatherapy with Peppermint and Lavender Essential Oils on Fatigue of Cardiac Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2021;2021:9925945.
  Management of insomnia: a place for traditional herbal remedies. Prescrire.Int. 2005;14(77):104-107.
  Mannering, G. J. and Shoeman, J. A. Murine cytochrome P4503A is induced by 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, 3-methyl- 1-pentyn-3-ol(meparfynol), and tert-amyl alcohol. Xenobiotica 1996;26(5):487-493.
  Mannering, G. J., Shoeman, J. A., and Deloria, L. B. Identification of the antibiotic hops component, colupulone, as an inducer of hepatic cytochrome P-4503A in the mouse. Drug Metab Dispos 1992;20(2):142-147.
  Mannering, G. J., Shoeman, J. A., and Shoeman, D. W. Effects of colupulone, a component of hops and brewers yeast, and chromium on glucose tolerance and hepatic cytochrome P450 in nondiabetic and spontaneously diabetic mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 5-16-1994;200(3):1455-1462.
  Maroo N, Hazra A, Das T. Efficacy and safety of a polyherbal sedative-hypnotic formulation NSF-3 in primary insomnia in comparison to zolpidem: a randomized controlled trial. Indian J Pharmacol 2013;45(1):34-9.
  Martinelli M, Ummarino D, Giugliano FP, et al. Efficacy of a standardized extract of Matricariae chamomilla L., Melissa officinalis L. and tyndallized Lactobacillus acidophilus (HA122) in infantile colic: an open randomized controlled trial. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2017 Dec;29:e13145.
  Marz RW, Ismail C, Popp MA. Action profile and efficacy of a herbal combination preparation for the treatment of sinusitis. Wien Med Wochenschr 1999;149:202-8.
  Maya-Enero S, Fàbregas-Mitjans M, Llufriu-Marquès RM, Candel-Pau J, Garcia-Garcia J, López-Vílchez MÁ. Analgesic effect of inhaled lavender essential oil for frenotomy in healthy neonates: a randomized clinical trial. World J Pediatr. 2022;18(6):398-403.
  Maya-Enero S, Fàbregas-Mitjans M, Llufriu-Marquès RM, Candel-Pau J, Garcia-Garcia J, López-Vílchez MÁ. Comparison of the analgesic effect of inhaled lavender vs vanilla essential oil for neonatal frenotomy: a randomized clinical trial (NCT04867824). Eur J Pediatr 2022;181(11):3923-3929.
  McCaffrey R, Thomas DJ, Kinzelman AO. The effects of lavender and rosemary essential oils on test-taking anxiety among graduate nursing students. Holist Nurs Pract 2009;23(2):88-93.
  Meftahizade, H., Sargsyan, E., and Moradkhani, H. Investigation of antioxidant capacity of Melissa officinalis L. essential oils. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 2010;4(14):1391-1395.
  Meier S, Haschke M, Zahner C, et al. Effects of a fixed herbal drug combination (Ze 185) to an experimental acute stress setting in healthy men – An explorative randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study. Phytomedicine. 2018 Jan 15;39:85-92.
  Melzer J, Rosch W, Reichling J, et al. Meta-analysis: phytotherapy of functional dyspepsia with the herbal drug preparation STW 5 (Iberogast). Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;20:1279-87.
  Melzer J, Schrader E, Brattström A, et al. Fixed herbal drug combination with and without butterbur (Ze 185) for the treatment of patients with somatoform disorders: randomized, placebo-controlled pharmaco-clinical trial. Phytother Res. 2009 Sep;23:1303-8.
  Melzer, J., Saller, R., Schapowal, A., and Brignoli, R. Systematic review of clinical data with BNO-101 (Sinupret) in the treatment of sinusitis. Forsch Komplement.Med (2006.) 2006;13(2):78-87.
  Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center: “Chamomile.”
  Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center web site: “About Herbs: Chamomile (German).”
  Mencherini, T., Picerno, P., Russo, P., Meloni, M., and Aquino, R. Composition of the fresh leaves and stems of Melissa officinalis and evaluation of skin irritation in a reconstituted human epidermis model. J.Nat.Prod. 2009;72(8):1512-1515.
  Mennini T, Bernasconi P, Bombardelli E, and et al. In vitro study on the interaction of extracts and pure compounds from Valeriana officinalis roots with GABA, benzodiazepine and barbiturate receptors in rat brain. Fitoterapia 1993;64(4):291-300.
  Meolie, A. L., Rosen, C., Kristo, D., Kohrman, M., Gooneratne, N., Aguillard, R. N., Fayle, R., Troell, R., Townsend, D., Claman, D., Hoban, T., and Mahowald, M. Oral nonprescription treatment for insomnia: an evaluation of products with limited evidence. J Clin.Sleep Med 4-15-2005;1(2):173-187.
  Mikulic-Petkovsek M, Samoticha J, Eler K, Stampar F, Veberic R. Traditional elderflower beverages: a rich source of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant activity. J Agric Food Chem. 2015;63(5):1477-87.
  Mikus, J., Harkenthal, M., Steverding, D., and Reichling, J. In vitro effect of essential oils and isolated mono- and sesquiterpenes on Leishmania major and Trypanosoma brucei. Planta Med 2000;66(4):366-368.
  Milligan SR, Kalita JC, Heyerick A, et al. Identification of a potent phytoestrogen in hops (Humulus lupulus L.) and beer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:2249-52..
  Milligan SR, Kalita JC, Pocock V, et al. The endocrine activities of 8-prenylnaringenin and related hop (Humulus lupulus L.) flavonoids. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:4912-5..
  Mills, J. J., Chari, R. S., Boyer, I. J., Gould, M. N., and Jirtle, R. L. Induction of apoptosis in liver tumors by the monoterpene perillyl alcohol. Cancer Res 3-1-1995;55(5):979-983.
  Mimica-Dukic, N., Bozin, B., Sokovic, M., and Simin, N. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Melissa officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) essential oil. J Agric.Food Chem. 5-5-2004;52(9):2485-2489.
  Minich, D. M., Lerman, R. H., Darland, G., Babish, J. G., Pacioretty, L. M., Bland, J. S., and Tripp, M. L. Hop and Acacia Phytochemicals Decreased Lipotoxicity in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes, db/db Mice, and Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome. J Nutr Metab 2010;2010
  Mirabi P, Dolatian M, Mojab F, et al. Effects of valerian on the severity and systemic manifestations of dysmenorrhea. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2011 Dec;115:285-8.
  Mirabi P, Mojab F. The effects of valerian root on hot flashes in menopausal women. Iran J Pharm Res 2013;12(1):217-22.
  Miranda CL, Stevens JF, Helmrich A, et al. Antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of prenylated flavonoids from hops (Humulus lupulus) in human cancer cell lines. Food Chem Toxicol 1999;37:271-85..
  Miranda, C. L., Yang, Y. H., Henderson, M. C., Stevens, J. F., Santana-Rios, G., Deinzer, M. L., and Buhler, D. R. Prenylflavonoids from hops inhibit the metabolic activation of the carcinogenic heterocyclic amine 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4, 5- f]quinoline, mediated by cDNA-expressed human CYP1A2. Drug Metab Dispos 2000;28(11):1297-1302.
  Mirbagher Ajorpaz N, Rahemi Z, Aghajani M, Hashemi SH. Effects of glycerin oil and lavender oil massages on hemodialysis patients’ restless legs syndrome. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2020;24(1):88-92.
  Miyasaka LS, Atallah AN, Soares BG. Valerian for anxiety disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;(4):CD004515.
  Mohammad Rezaie S, Shahabinejad M, Loripoor M, Sayadi AR. The effect of aromatherapy with lavender essential oil on the working memory of women with multiple sclerosis. J Med Life 2021;14(6):776-781.
  Mojtehedi M, Salehi-Pourmehr H, Ostadrahimi A, Asnaashari S, Esmaeilpour K, Farshbaf-Khalili A. Effect of aromatherapy with essential oil of Lavandula angustifolia Mill- Citrus bergamia and mindfulness-based intervention on sexual function, anxiety, and depression in postmenopausal women: A randomized controlled trial with factorial design. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2022:392-405.
  Molecular Medicine Reports: “Chamomile: A herbal medicine of the past with bright future.”
  Möller HJ, Volz HP, Dienel A, Schläfke S, Kasper S. Efficacy of Silexan in subthreshold anxiety: meta-analysis of randomised, placebo-controlled trials. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017 Nov 17. doi: 10.1007/s00406-017-0852-4. [Epub ahead of print]
  Monteiro R, Becker H, Azevedo I, Calhau C. Effect of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) flavonoids on aromatase (estrogen synthase) activity. Agric Food Chem 2006;54:2938-43.
  Moorman Li R, Gilbert B, Orman A,et al. Evaluating the effects of diffused lavender in an adult day care center for patients with dementia in an effort to decrease behavioral issues: a pilot study. J Drug Assess. 2017 Jan 23;6(1):1-5.
  Morali, G., Polatti, F., Metelitsa, E. N., Mascarucci, P., Magnani, P., and Marre, G. B. Open, non-controlled clinical studies to assess the efficacy and safety of a medical device in form of gel topically and intravaginally used in postmenopausal women with genital atrophy. Arzneimittelforschung 2006;56(3):230-238.
  Morazzoni P and Bombardelli E. Valeriana officinalis: traditional use and recent evaluation of activity. Fitoterapia 1995;66(2):99-112.
  Morin CM, Koetter U, Bastien C, et al. Valerian-hops combination and diphenhydramine for treating insomnia: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Sleep 2005;28:1465-71.
  Morris N. The effects of lavender (Lavendula angustifolium) baths on psychological well-being: two exploratory randomised control trials. Complement Ther Med 2002;10:223-8.
  Moss M, Cook J, Wesnes K, Duckett P. Aromas of rosemary and lavender essential oils differentially affect cognition and mood in healthy adults. Int J Neurosci 2003;113(1):15-38.
  Motaghi N, Tajadini H, Shafiei K, et al. Lavender improves fatigue symptoms in multiple sclerosis patients: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022;65:104000.
  Motomura N, Sakurai A, and Yotsuya Y. A psychophysiological study of lavender odorant. Memoirs of Osaka Kyoiku University, Series III 1999;47(2):281-287.
  Motomura, N., Sakurai, A., and Yotsuya, Y. Reduction of mental stress with lavender odorant. Percept.Mot.Skills 2001;93(3):713-718.
  Mrlianova, M., Tekel’ova, D., Felklova, M., Reinohl, V., and Toth, J. The influence of the harvest cut height on the quality of the herbal drugs Melissae folium and Melissae herba. Planta Med 2002;68(2):178-180.
  Müller D, Pfeil T, von den Driesch V. Treating depression comorbid with anxiety–results of an open, practice-oriented study with St John’s wort WS 5572 and valerian extract in high doses. Phytomedicine. 2003;10 Suppl 4:25-30.
  Muller SF, Klement S. A combination of valerian and lemon balm is effective in the treatment of restlessness and dyssomnia in children. Phytomedicine 2006;13:383-7.
  Müller-Limmroth W, Ehrenstein W. [Experimental studies of the effects of Seda-Kneipp on the sleep of sleep disturbed subjects; implications for the treatment of different sleep disturbances]. Med Klin. 1977 Jun 24;72:1119-25.
  Muller, Z., Sarkany, A., Altorjay, A., Szilagyi, A., Tura, T., and Ozsvar, Z. [Liver failure a la Eastern Europe]. Orv.Hetil. 3-22-2009;150(12):555-557.
  Muzzarelli L, Force M, Sebold M. Aromatherapy and reducing preprocedural anxiety: A controlled prospective study. Gastroenterol Nurs 2006;29(6):466-71.
  Naderi Dastjerdi M, Darooneh T, Nasiri M, Moatar F, Esmaeili S, Ozgoli G. Investigating the effect of Melissa officinalis on after-pains: A randomized single-blind clinical trial. J Caring Sci. 2019;8(3):129-138.
  Nasiri A, Hahmodi MA, Nobakht Z. Effect of aromatherapy massage with lavender essential oil on pain in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2016 Nov;25:75-80.
  Nasiri Lari Z, Hajimonfarednejad M, Riasatian M, et al. Efficacy of inhaled Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Essential oil on sleep quality, quality of life and metabolic control in patients with diabetes mellitus type II and insomnia. J Ethnopharmacol. 2020;251:112560.
  Nasiri M, Asayesh H, Yousefi Khosroabadi Z, Hosseini Amiri M, Bahadori H, Rajaee M. Effects of Aromatherapy with Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia MILL) on Post-Dural Puncture Headache: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Altern Ther Health Med. 2020:AT6279.
  National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine web site: “Herbs at a Glance: Chamomile.”
  National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: “Chamomile.”
  National Toxicology Program, US Department of Health and Human Services. Chemical Information Review Document for Valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) [CAS No. 8057-49-6] and Oils [CAS No. 8008-88-6]. Supporting Nomination for Toxicological Evaluation by the National Toxicology Program. November 2009. https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/NTP/Noms/Support_Docs/Valerian_nov2009.pdf.
  Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database web site: “German Chamomile,” “Roman Chamomile.”
  Natural Standard Patient Monograph: “Chamomile.”
  Navarrete, A., Avula, B., Choi, Y. W., and Khan, I. A. Chemical fingerprinting of valeriana species: simultaneous determination of valerenic acids, flavonoids, and phenylpropanoids using liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. J AOAC Int 2006;89(1):8-15.
  Negrao, R., Costa, R., Duarte, D., Taveira, Gomes T., Mendanha, M., Moura, L., Vasques, L., Azevedo, I., and Soares, R. Angiogenesis and inflammation signaling are targets of beer polyphenols on vascular cells. J Cell Biochem 12-1-2010;111(5):1270-1279.
  Nelson RR. In-vitro activities of five plant essential oils against methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997;40(2):305-307.
  Neubauer N, Marz RW. Placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, clincal trial with Sinupret sugar coated tablets on the basis of a therapy with antibiotics and decongestant nasal drops in acute sinusitis. Phytomedicine 1994;1:177-81.
  Niculae, M., Spînu, M., Stefan, R., Sandru, C. D., Mircean, V., Brudasca, G. F., Bolfa, P., and Uricariu, R. In vitro efficacy of gentamicin and Mellisa officinalis essential oil against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from dogs with otitis externa. Scientific Works – University of Agronomical Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Bucharest Series C, Veterinary Medicine 2010;56(3/4):280-284.
  Nieves J and Oritz J G. Effects of valeriana officinalis extract on GABAergic transmission. Journal of Neurochemistry 1997;69(Suppl 1):S128.
  Nikjou R, Kazemzadeh R, Rostamnegad M, Moshfegi S, Karimollahi M, Salehi H. The effect of lavender aromatherapy on the pain severity of primary dysmenorrhea: a triple-blind randomized clinical trial. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2016 Jul-Aug;6(4):211-15.
  Noguchi-Shinohara M, Hamaguchi T, Sakai K, et al. Effects of Melissa officinalis Extract Containing Rosmarinic Acid on Cognition in Older Adults Without Dementia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Alzheimers Dis 2022.
  Noguchi-Shinohara M, Ono K, Hamaguchi T, et al. Safety and efficacy of Melissa officinalis extract containing rosmarinic acid in the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease progression. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):18627.
  Nord D, Belew J. Effectiveness of the essential oils lavender and ginger in promoting children’s comfort in a perianesthesia setting. J Perianesth Nurs. 2009;24:307-12.
  Notter, D., Brattstrom, A., and Ullrich, N. Therapie von Schlafsto¨rungen. DAZ 2004;144(14):147-148.
  Nozawa H. Xanthohumol, the chalcone from beer hops (Humulus lupulus L.), is the ligand for farnesoid X receptor and ameliorates lipid and glucose metabolism in KK-A(y) mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005;336:754-61.
  Ntalli, N. G., Ferrari, F., Giannakou, I., and Menkissoglu-Spiroudi, U. Phytochemistry and nematicidal activity of the essential oils from 8 Greek Lamiaceae aromatic plants and 13 terpene components. J.Agric.Food Chem. 7-14-2010;58(13):7856-7863.
  O’Connor DW, Eppingstall B, Taffe J, van der Ploeg ES. A randomized, controlled cross-over trial of dermally-applied lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) oil as a treatment of agitated behaviour in dementia. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2013;13:315.
  O’Dell BL. Mineral interactions relevant to nutrient requirements. J Nutr 1989;119:1832-8.
  Olas, B., Kolodziejczyk, J., Wachowicz, B., Jedrejek, D., Stochmal, A., and Oleszek, W. The extract from hop cones (Humulus lupulus) as a modulator of oxidative stress in blood platelets. Platelets. 2011;22(5):345-352.
  Orth-Wagner, S, Ressin, WJ, and Friedrich, I. Phytosedativum gegen Schlafstörungen / Klinische Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit eines Phytosedativums mit Auszügen aus Baldrianwurzel, Hopfenzapfen und Melissenblättern. 1995;16(147):156.
  Ortiz, J. G., Nieves-Natal, J., and Chavez, P. Effects of Valeriana officinalis extracts on [3H]flunitrazepam binding, synaptosomal [3H]GABA uptake, and hippocampal [3H]GABA release. Neurochem.Res 1999;24(11):1373-1378.
  Oshima, Y., Matsuoka, S., and Ohizumi, Y. Antidepressant principles of Valeriana fauriei roots. Chem.Pharm.Bull.(Tokyo) 1995;43(1):169-170.
  Oshvandi K, Mirzajani Letomi F, Soltanian AR, Shamsizadeh M. The effects of foot massage on hemodialysis patients’ sleep quality and restless leg syndrome: a comparison of lavender and sweet orange essential oil topical application. J Complement Integr Med 2021;18(4):843-850.
  Ostermann, T., Blaser, G., Bertram, M., Michalsen, A., Matthiessen, P. F., and Kraft, K. Effects of rhythmic embrocation therapy with solum oil in chronic pain patients: a prospective observational study. Clin J Pain 2008;24(3):237-243.
  Ou, M. C., Hsu, T. F., Lai, A. C., Lin, Y. T., and Lin, C. C. Pain relief assessment by aromatic essential oil massage on outpatients with primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. J Obstet.Gynaecol.Res 2012;38(5):817-822.
  Overk CR, Yao P, Chadwick LR, et al. Comparison of the in vitro estrogenic activities of compounds from hops (Humulus lupulus) and red clover (Trifolium pratense). J Agric Food Chem 2005;53:6246-53.
  Oxman AD, Flottorp S, Håvelsrud K, et al. A televised, web-based randomised trial of an herbal remedy (valerian) for insomnia. PLoS One 2007 Oct 17;2:e1040.
  Ozkaraman A, Dügüm Ö, Özen Yilmaz H, Usta Yesilbalkan Ö. Aromatherapy: The Effect of Lavender on Anxiety and Sleep Quality in Patients Treated With Chemotherapy. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2018;22(2):203-10.
  Panijel M. [Treatment of moderately severe anxiety states]. Therapiewoche 1985;35(41):4659-4668.
  Pardo-Aldave, K. Diaz-Pizan M. E. Villegas L. F. Bernabe E. Child behaviour modulation during first dental visit after administration of lemon balm, Poster Sessions. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2009;19(1):66-170.
  Patora, J., Majda, T., Gora, J., and Klimek, B. Variability in the content and composition of essential oil from lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) cultivated in Poland. Acta Pol.Pharm. 2003;60(5):395-400.
  PeaceHealth: “Chamomile.”
  Peluso, M. R., Miranda, C. L., Hobbs, D. J., Proteau, R. R., and Stevens, J. F. Xanthohumol and related prenylated flavonoids inhibit inflammatory cytokine production in LPS-activated THP-1 monocytes: structure-activity relationships and in silico binding to myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD-2). Planta Med 2010;76(14):1536-1543.
  Peric A, Kovacevic SV, Gacesa D, Peric AV. Efficacy and safety of combined treatment of acute rhinosinusitis by herbal medicinal product Sinupret and mometasone furoate nasal spray. ENT Updates 2017;7(2):68-74.
  Perry NSL, Menzies R, Hodgson F, et al. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of a combined extract of sage, rosemary and Melissa, traditional herbal medicines, on the enhancement of memory in normal healthy subjects, including influence of age. Phytomedicine. 2018 Jan 15;39:42-48.
  Perry, E. and Howes, M. J. Medicinal plants and dementia therapy: herbal hopes for brain aging? CNS.Neurosci.Ther 2011;17(6):683-698.
  Perry, E. K., Pickering, A. T., Wang, W. W., Houghton, P. J., and Perry, N. S. Medicinal plants and Alzheimer’s disease: from ethnobotany to phytotherapy. J Pharm Pharmacol 1999;51(5):527-534.
  Perry, E. K., Pickering, A. T., Wang, W. W., Houghton, P., and Perry, N. S. Medicinal plants and Alzheimer’s disease: Integrating ethnobotanical and contemporary scientific evidence. J Altern Complement Med 1998;4(4):419-428.
  Perry, R., Terry, R., Watson, L. K., and Ernst, E. Is lavender an anxiolytic drug? A systematic review of randomised clinical trials. Phytomedicine. 6-15-2012;19(8-9):825-835.
  Pharmacognosy Review: Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.): An overview.”
  Philips, N., Samuel, M., Arena, R., Chen, Y. J., Conte, J., Natarajan, P., Haas, G., and Gonzalez, S. Direct inhibition of elastase and matrixmetalloproteinases and stimulation of biosynthesis of fibrillar collagens, elastin, and fibrillins by xanthohumol. J Cosmet.Sci 2010;61(2):125-132.
  Picon, P. D., Picon, R. V., Costa, A. F., Sander, G. B., Amaral, K. M., Aboy, A. L., and Henriques, A. T. Randomized clinical trial of a phytotherapic compound containing Pimpinella anisum, Foeniculum vulgare, Sambucus nigra, and Cassia augustifolia for chronic constipation. BMC.Complement Altern.Med. 2010;10:17.
  Pintov S, Hochman M, Livne A, Heyman E, Lahat E. Bach flower remedies used for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children–a prospective double blind controlled study. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2005;9(6):395-398.
  Plushner SL. Valerian: Valerian officinalis. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2000;57:328,333,335.
  Politano VT, McGinty D, Lewis EM, et al. Uterotrophic assay of percutaneous lavender oil in immature female rats. Int J Toxicol. 2013 Mar-Aor;32(2):123-9.
  Possemiers, S., Bolca, S., Grootaert, C., Heyerick, A., Decroos, K., Dhooge, W., De, Keukeleire D., Rabot, S., Verstraete, W., and Van de Wiele, T. The prenylflavonoid isoxanthohumol from hops (Humulus lupulus L.) is activated into the potent phytoestrogen 8-prenylnaringenin in vitro and in the human intestine. J Nutr 2006;136(7):1862-1867.
  Poyares DR, Guilleminault C, Ohayon MM, Tufik S. Can valerian improve the sleep of insomniacs after benzodiazepine withdrawal? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2002;26:539-45.
  Prudden JF, Balassa LL. The biological activity of bovine cartilage preparations. Clinical demonstration of their potent anti-inflammatory capacity with supplementary notes on certain relevant fundamental supportive studies. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1974;3:287-321.
  Prusinowska R, Smigielski KB. Composition, biological properties and therapeutic effects of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia L.). A review. Herba Polonica. 2014;60(2):56-66.
  Rademaker M. Allergic contact dermatitis from lavender fragrance in Difflam gel. Contact Dermatitis 1994;31(1):58-59.
  Radovic, B., Hussong, R., Gerhauser, C., Meinl, W., Frank, N., Becker, H., and Kohrle, J. Xanthohumol, a prenylated chalcone from hops, modulates hepatic expression of genes involved in thyroid hormone distribution and metabolism. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010;54 Suppl 2:S225-S235.
  Rahimi E, Sedighi Chafjiri A, Hasavari F, Kazem Nezhad Leyli E, Naseri M, Khosravi M. Evaluation of the effect of lavender aroma on fatigue among hemodialysis patients. Holist Nurs Pract 2022;36(2):76-84.
  Raines, T., Jones, P., Moe, N., Duncan, R., McCall, S., and Ceremuga, T. E. Investigation of the anxiolytic effects of luteolin, a lemon balm flavonoid in the male Sprague-Dawley rat. AANA.J. 2009;77(1):33-36.
  Raisi Dehkordi Z, Hosseini Baharanchi FS, Bekhradi R. Effect of lavender inhalation on the symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea and the amount of menstrual bleeding: A randomized clinical trial. Complement Ther Med. 2014 Apr;22(2):212-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2013.12.011. Epub 2014 Jan 6.
  Ranjbar M, Salehi A, Rezaeizadeh H, et al. Efficacy of a combination of Melissa officinalis L. and Nepeta Menthoides Boiss. and Buhse on insomnia: a triple-blind, randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2018 May 9.
  Razaghi N, Aemmi SZ, Sadat Hoseini ASS, Boskabadi H, Mohebbi T, Ramezani M. The effectiveness of familiar olfactory stimulation with lavender scent and glucose on the pain of blood sampling in term neonates: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Complement Ther Med. 2020;49:102289.
  Reddy, B. S., Wang, C. X., Samaha, H., Lubet, R., Steele, V. E., Kelloff, G. J., and Rao, C. V. Chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis by dietary perillyl alcohol. Cancer Res 2-1-1997;57(3):420-425.
  Reddy, K. K., Grossman, L., and Rogers, G. S. Common complementary and alternative therapies with potential use in dermatologic surgery: risks and benefits. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013;68(4):e127-e135.
  Ren, Z. and Gould, M. N. Inhibition of ubiquinone and cholesterol synthesis by the monoterpene perillyl alcohol. Cancer Lett 1-30-1994;76(2-3):185-190.
  Rho KH, Han SH, Kim KS, Lee MS. Effects of aromatherapy massage on anxiety and self-esteem in korean elderly women: a pilot study. Int J Neurosci 2006;116(12):1447-55.
  Riemann, D. and Hajak, G. [Insomnias. II. Pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment options]. Nervenarzt 2009;80(11):1327-1340.
  Ripple GH, Gould MN, Stewart JA, and et al. Phase I clinical trial of perillyl alcohol administered daily. Clin Cancer Res 1998;4(5):1159-1164.
  Ripple, G. H., Gould, M. N., Arzoomanian, R. Z., Alberti, D., Feierabend, C., Simon, K., Binger, K., Tutsch, K. D., Pomplun, M., Wahamaki, A., Marnocha, R., Wilding, G., and Bailey, H. H. Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of perillyl alcohol administered four times a day. Clin Cancer Res 2000;6(2):390-396.
  Rivaz M, Rahpeima M, Khademian Z, Dabbaghmanesh MH. The effects of aromatherapy massage with lavender essential oil on neuropathic pain and quality of life in diabetic patients: A randomized clinical trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2021;44:101430.
  Rodenbeck A, Simen S, Cohrs S, and et al. Alterations of the sleep stage structure as a feature of GABAergic effects of a valerian-hop preparation in patients with psychophysiological insomnia. Somnologie 1998;2:26-31.
  Rojas, J., Solís, H., and Palacios, O. In vitro anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity of essential oils of ten medicinal plants. / Evaluación in vitro de la actividad anti Trypanosoma cruzi de aceites esenciales de diez plantas medicinales.1. Anales de la Facultad de Medecina 2010;71(3):161-165.
  Ross, S. M. Sleep disorders: a single dose administration of valerian/hops fluid extract (dormeasan) is found to be effective in improving sleep. Holist.Nurs Pract 2009;23(4):253-256.
  S PK, Aafaque S, S S, N N. Effect of aromatherapy on dental anxiety among orthodontic patients: A randomized controlled trial. Cureus. 2019;11(8):e5306.
  Saeki Y. The effect of foot-bath with or without the essential oil of lavender on the autonomic nervous system: a randomized trial. Complement Ther Med 2000;8(1):2-7.
  Sakamoto, R., Minoura, K., Usui, A., Ishizuka, Y., and Kanba, S. Effectiveness of aroma on work efficiency: lavender aroma during recesses prevents deterioration of work performance. Chem Senses 2005;30(8):683-691.
  Sakamoto, T., Mitani, Y., and Nakajima, K. Psychotropic effects of Japanese valerian root extract. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1992;40(3):758-761.
  Sakamoto, Y., Ebihara, S., Ebihara, T., Tomita, N., Toba, K., Freeman, S., Arai, H., and Kohzuki, M. Fall prevention using olfactory stimulation with lavender odor in elderly nursing home residents: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr.Soc 2012;60(6):1005-1011.
  Salehi-Pourmehr H, Ostadrahimi A, Ebrahimpour-Mirzarezaei M, Farshbaf-Khalili A. Does aromatherapy with lavender affect physical and psychological symptoms of menopausal women? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020;39:101150.
  Salter, S. and Brownie, S. Treating primary insomnia – the efficacy of valerian and hops. Aust.Fam.Physician 2010;39(6):433-437.
  Santini F, Vitti P, Ceccarini G, et al. In vitro assay of thyroid disruptors affecting TSH-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. J Endocrinol Invest. 2003 Oct;26:950-5.
  Santos, M. S., Ferreira, F., Cunha, A. P., Carvalho, A. P., and Macedo, T. An aqueous extract of valerian influences the transport of GABA in synaptosomes. Planta Med. 1994;60(3):278-279.
  Santos, M. S., Ferreira, F., Cunha, A. P., Carvalho, A. P., Ribeiro, C. F., and Macedo, T. Synaptosomal GABA release as influenced by valerian root extract– involvement of the GABA carrier. Arch.Int.Pharmacodyn.Ther. 1994;327(2):220-231.
  Santos, M. S., Ferreira, F., Faro, C., Pires, E., Carvalho, A. P., Cunha, A. P., and Macedo, T. The amount of GABA present in aqueous extracts of valerian is sufficient to account for [3H]GABA release in synaptosomes. Planta Med. 1994;60(5):475-476.
  Sarrell, E. M., Cohen, H. A., and Kahan, E. Naturopathic treatment for ear pain in children. Pediatrics 2003;111(5 Pt 1):e574-e579.
  Sarris, J. and Byrne, G. J. A systematic review of insomnia and complementary medicine. Sleep Med Rev. 2011;15(2):99-106.
  Sasannejad P, Saeedi M, Shoeibi A, et al. Lavender essential oil in the treatment of migraine headache: a placebo-controlled clinical trial. Eur Neurol 2012;67(5):288-91.
  Savino F, Cresi F, Castagno E, et al. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of a standardized extract of Matricariae recutita, Foeniculum vulgare and Melissa officinalis (ColiMil) in the treatment of breastfed colicky infants. Phytother Res 2005;19:335-40.
  Sayorwan, W., Siripornpanich, V., Piriyapunyaporn, T., Hongratanaworakit, T., Kotchabhakdi, N., and Ruangrungsi, N. The effects of lavender oil inhalation on emotional states, autonomic nervous system, and brain electrical activity. J Med Assoc Thai. 2012;95(4):598-606.
  Schellenberg R, Schwartz A, Schellenberg V, and et al. Quantitative EEG-monitoring and psychometric evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of Biral N in psychosomatic diseases. Naturamed 1994;4:9.
  Schiller, H., Forster, A., Vonhoff, C., Hegger, M., Biller, A., and Winterhoff, H. Sedating effects of Humulus lupulus L. extracts. Phytomedicine. 2006;13(8):535-541.
  Schmidt-Voigt J. Die Behandlung nervöser Schlafstörungen und innerer Unruhe mit einem rein pflanzlichen Sedativum. Therapiewoche 1986;36:663-667.
  Schmidt, U, Krieger, W, Frerick, H, and Schenk, N. Psychosomatische und psychische Störungen / Baldrian und Melisse statt synthetischer Psychopharmaka. 1992;14:15-19.
  Schmitz M, Jäckel M. [Comparative study for assessing quality of life of patients with exogenous sleep disorders (temporary sleep onset and sleep interruption disorders) treated with a hops-valarian preparation and a benzodiazepine drug]. Wien Med Wochenschr. 1998;148:291-8.
  Scholey A, Benson S, Gibbs A, Perry N, Sarris J, Murray G. Exploring the effects of Lactium and zizyphus complex on sleep quality: a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. Nutrients. 2017 Feb 17;9(2):E154.
  Scholey A, et al. Anti-stress effects of lemon balm-containing foods. Nutrients. 3014;6(11):4805-4821. doi: 10.3390/nu6114805.
  Schulz H, Stolz C, Müller J. The effect of valerian extract on sleep polygraphy in poor sleepers: a pilot study. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1994 Jul;27:147-51.
  Seifert T. Therapeutic effects of valerian in nervous disorders. Therapeutikon 1988;2:94-98.
  Seiiedi-Biarag L, Mirghafourvand M. The effect of lavender on mothers sleep quality in the postpartum period: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Complement Integr Med 2022.
  Sentürk A, Tekinsoy Kartin P. The effect of lavender oil application via inhalation pathway on hemodialysis patients’ anxiety level and sleep quality. Holist Nurs Pract 2018;32(6):324-35. doi: 10.1097/HNP.0000000000000292.
  Sgoutas-Emch, S. Fox T. Preston M. Brooks C. Serber E. Stress management: aromatherapy as an alternative. Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine 2001;5(2):90-95.
  Shammas RL, Marks CE, Broadwater G, et al. The effect of lavender oil on perioperative pain, anxiety, depression, and sleep after microvascular breast reconstruction: A prospective, single-blinded, randomized, controlled trial. J Reconstr Microsurg 2021;37(6):530-540.
  Shapouri, R and Rahnema, M. Evaluation of antimicrobial effect of hops extracts on intramacrophages Brucella abortus and B. melitensis. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology 2011;4(Suppl 1):S51-S58.
  Sheikhan, F., Jahdi, F., Khoei, E. M., Shamsalizadeh, N., Sheikhan, M., and Haghani, H. Episiotomy pain relief: Use of Lavender oil essence in primiparous Iranian women. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2012;18(1):66-70.
  Shekarriz Z, Shorofi SA, Nabati M, Shabankhani B, Yousefi SS. Effect of Melissa officinalis on systolic and diastolic blood pressures in essential hypertension: A double-blind crossover clinical trial. Phytother Res 2021;35(12):6883-6892.
  Shimada, K., Fukuda, S., Maeda, K., Kawasaki, T., Kono, Y., Jissho, S., Taguchi, H., Yoshiyama, M., and Yoshikawa, J. Aromatherapy alleviates endothelial dysfunction of medical staff after night-shift work: preliminary observations. Hypertens.Res 2011;34(2):264-267.
  Shinjyo N, Waddell G, Green J. Valerian Root in Treating Sleep Problems and Associated Disorders-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Evid Based Integr Med. 2020;25:2515690X20967323.
  Shirazi M, Jalalian MN, Abed M, Ghaemi M. The Effectiveness of Melissa Officinalis L. versus Citalopram on Quality of Life of Menopausal Women with Sleep Disorder: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2021;43(2):126-130.
  Shou, C., Li, J., and Liu, Z. Complementary and alternative medicine in the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Chin J Integr Med 2011;17(12):883-888.
  Sichardt, K., Vissiennon, Z., Koetter, U., Brattstrom, A., and Nieber, K. Modulation of postsynaptic potentials in rat cortical neurons by valerian extracts macerated with different alcohols: involvement of adenosine A(1)- and GABA(A)-receptors. Phytother Res 2007;21(10):932-937.
  Simpson, W. J. and Smith, A. R. Factors affecting antibacterial activity of hop compounds and their derivatives. J Appl Bacteriol. 1992;72(4):327-334.
  Skorska, C., Mackiewicz, B., Gora, A., Golec, M., and Dutkiewicz, J. Health effects of inhalation exposure to organic dust in hops farmers. Ann.Univ Mariae.Curie Sklodowska [Med] 2003;58(1):459-465.
  Sleep complaints: Whenever possible, avoid the use of sleeping pills. Prescrire.Int. 2008;17(97):206-212.
  Smith DS, Helzner EC, Nuttall CE Jr, et al. Failure of zinc gluconate in treatment of acute upper respiratory tract infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989;33:646-8.
  Snow LA, Hovanec L, Brandt J. A controlled trial of aromatherapy for agitation in nursing home patients with dementia. J Altern Complement Med 2004;10(3):431-7.
  Soden K, Vincent K, Craske S, et al. A randomized controlled trial of aromatherapy massage in a hospice setting. Palliat Med 2004;18(2):87-92.
  Soh, N. L. and Walter, G. Complementary medicine for psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. Curr.Opin.Psychiatry 2008;21(4):350-355.
  Solberg E. The effects of powdered fertilized eggs on depression. J Med Food. 2011 Jul-Aug;14:870-5.
  Soltani A, Bahrami F, Bahari Z, Shankayi Z, Graily-Afra M, Sahraei H. The effects of Valerian on sleep spindles in a model of neuropathic pain. Sleep Sci 2021;14(Spec 2):133-139.
  Soltani R, Soheilipour S, Hajhashemi V, Asghari G, Bagheri M, Molavi M. Evaluation of the effect of aromatherapy with lavender essential oil on post-tonsillectomy pain in pediatric patients: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2013 Sep;77(9):1579-81. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2013.07.014.
  Soulimani R, Fleurentin J, Mortier F, et al. Neurotropic action of the hydroalcoholic extract of Melissa officinalis in the mouse. Planta Med. 1991 Apr;57:105-9.
  Sourgens H, Winterhoff H, Gumbinger HG, et al. Antihormonal effects of plant extracts. TSH- and prolactin-suppressing properties of Lithospermum officinale and other plants. Planta Med. 1982 Jun;45:78-86.
  Sousa MPd, Pacheco P, and Roldao V. Double-blind comparative study of the efficacy and safety of Valdispert vs. clobazepam. KaliChemi Med Research Info (Report) 1992;
  St-Onge MP, Jones PJ. Physiological effects of medium-chain triglycerides: potential agents in the prevention of obesity. J Nutr 2002;132:329-32..
  Staiger, C. and Wegener, T. Pflanzliche Dreierkombination bei Schlafsto¨rungen und Unruhezusta¨nden: eine Anwendungsbeobachtung. Z Phytother 2006;27(1):12-15.
  Stanojevic, D., Èomic´, L., Stefanovic´, O., and Sukdolak, S. S. In vitro synergistic antibacterial activity of Melissa officinalis L. and some preservatives. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 2010;8(1):109-115.
  Stevens, J. F. and Page, J. E. Xanthohumol and related prenylflavonoids from hops and beer: to your good health! Phytochemistry 2004;65(10):1317-1330.
  Stevens, J. F., Miranda, C. L., Frei, B., and Buhler, D. R. Inhibition of peroxynitrite-mediated LDL oxidation by prenylated flavonoids: the alpha,beta-unsaturated keto functionality of 2′-hydroxychalcones as a novel antioxidant pharmacophore. Chem Res Toxicol 2003;16(10):1277-1286.
  Stevinson C and Ernst E. Valerian for insomnia: systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Sleep Med 2000;1:91-99.
  Stocker HR. Sedative und hypnogene Wirkung des Hopfens. Schweizerische Brauerei-Rundschau 1967;78(4):80-89.
  Stojanovic NM, Randjelovic PJ, Mladenovic MZ, et al. Toxic essential oils, part VI: Acute oral toxicity of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) essential oil in BALB/c mice. Food Chem Toxicol. 2019;133:110794.
  Strathmann, J., Klimo, K., Sauer, S. W., Okun, J. G., Prehn, J. H., and Gerhauser, C. Xanthohumol-induced transient superoxide anion radical formation triggers cancer cells into apoptosis via a mitochondria-mediated mechanism. FASEB J 2010;24(8):2938-2950.
  Strosser, W. and Gladbach, B. Pflanzliche Sedativa: alternative in der Therapie leichter Schlafstorungen. Dtsch Apoth Ztg 1999;139:50-52.
  Sun J. Morning/evening menopausal formula relieves menopausal symptoms: a pilot study. J Altern Complement Med 2003;9:403-9.
  Swanston-Flatt, S. K., Day, C., Flatt, P. R., Gould, B. J., and Bailey, C. J. Glycaemic effects of traditional European plant treatments for diabetes. Studies in normal and streptozotocin diabetic mice. Diabetes Res 1989;10(2):69-73.
  Taavoni S, Ekbatani N, Kashaniyan M, et al. Effect of valerian on sleep quality in postmenopausal women: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Menopause. 2011 Sep;18:951-5.
  Taavoni S, Nazem Ekbatani N, Haghani H. Valerian/lemon balm use for sleep disorders during menopause. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2013;19(4):193-6.
  Taguchi, Y., Takizawa, T., Ishibashi, H., Sagawa, T., Arai, R., Inoue, S., Yamaguchi, H., and Abe, S. Therapeutic effects on murine oral candidiasis by oral administration of cassia (Cinnamomum cassia) preparation. Nihon Ishinkin.Gakkai Zasshi 2010;51(1):13-21.
  Taibi DM, Bourguignon C, Gill Taylor A. A feasibility study of valerian extract for sleep disturbance in person with arthritis. Biol Res Nurs 2009;10:409-17.
  Taibi DM, Vitiello MV, Barsness S, et al. A randomized clinical trial of valerian fails to improve self-reported, polysomnographic, and actigraphic sleep in older women with insomnia. Sleep Med. 2009 Mar;10:319-28.
  Taibi, D. M., Landis, C. A., Petry, H., and Vitiello, M. V. A systematic review of valerian as a sleep aid: safe but not effective. Sleep Med Rev 2007;11(3):209-230.
  Tammadon MR, Nobahar M, Hydarinia-Naieni Z, Ebrahimian A, Ghorbani R, Vafaei AA. The effects of valerian on sleep quality, depression, and state anxiety in hemodialysis patients: A randomized, double-blind, crossover clinical trial. Oman Med J. 2021 Mar 31;36(2):e255.
  Tang Y, Zhuge R. Geographical distribution of Tilia Linn. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica. 1996;34(3):254-264.
  Thomas K, Canedo J, Perry PJ, et al. Effects of valerian on subjective sedation, field sobriety testing and driving simulator performance. Accid Anal Prev. 2016 Jul;92:240-4.View abstract.
  Thompson A, Meah D, Ahmed N, et al. Comparison of the antibacterial activity of essential oils and extracts of medicinal and culinary herbs to investigate potential new treatments for irritable bowel syndrome. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2013;13:338.
  Toda, M. and Morimoto, K. Effect of lavender aroma on salivary endocrinological stress markers. Arch.Oral Biol. 2008;53(10):964-968.
  Triantaphyllou, K., Blekas, G., and Boskou, D. Antioxidative properties of water extracts obtained from herbs of the species Lamiaceae. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2001;52(4):313-317.
  Tugut N, Demirel G, Baser M, Ata EE, Karakus S. Effects of lavender scent on patients’ anxiety and pain levels during gynecological examination. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2017 Aug;28:65-9.
  Uehleke, B., Schaper, S., Dienel, A., Schlaefke, S., and Stange, R. Phase II trial on the effects of Silexan in patients with neurasthenia, post-traumatic stress disorder or somatization disorder. Phytomedicine. 6-15-2012;19(8-9):665-671.
  Usta C, Tanyeri-Bayraktar B, Bayraktar S. Pain control with lavender oil in premature infants: a double-blind randomized controlled study. J Altern Complement Med. 2020.
  Vakilian, K., Atarha, M., Bekhradi, R., and Chaman, R. Healing advantages of lavender essential oil during episiotomy recovery: a clinical trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2011;17(1):50-53.
  van Breemen RB, Chen L, Tonsing-Carter A, et al. Pharmacokinetic Interactions of a Hop Dietary Supplement with Drug Metabolism in Perimenopausal and Postmenopausal Women. J Agric Food Chem. 2020;68(18):5212-5220.
  van Hunsel, F. P. and Kampschoer, P. [Postmenopausal bleeding and dietary supplements: a possible causal relationship with hop- and soy-containing preparations]. Ned.Tijdschr.Geneeskd. 2012;156(41):A5095.
  Van, Cleemput M., Heyerick, A., Libert, C., Swerts, K., Philippe, J., De, Keukeleire D., Haegeman, G., and De, Bosscher K. Hop bitter acids efficiently block inflammation independent of GRalpha, PPARalpha, or PPARgamma. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009;53(9):1143-1155.
  Varaei S, Jalalian Z, Yekani Nejad MS, Shamsizadeh M. Comparison the effects of inhalation and massage aromatherapy with lavender and sweet orange on fatigue in hemodialysis patients: a randomized clinical trial. J Complement Integr Med. 2020.
  Varma S, Blackford S, Statham BN, Blackwell A. Combined contact allergy to tea tree oil and lavender oil complicating chronic vulvovaginitis. Contact Dermatitis 2000;42:309-10.
  Vassiliadis, T., Anagnostis, P., Patsiaoura, K., Giouleme, O., Katsinelos, P., Mpoumponaris, A., and Eugenidis, N. Valeriana hepatotoxicity. Sleep Med 2009;10(8):935.
  Vaziri F, Khosropoor M, Hidari M, Pourahmad S, Morshed Behbahani B, Saki F. The effect of aromatherapy by lavender oil on infant vaccination pain: a double blind randomized controlled trial. J Caring Sci. 2019;8(1):17-21.
  Vaziri F, Shiravani M, Najib FS, Pourahmad S, Salehi A, Yazdanpanahi Z. Effect of lavender oil aroma in the early hours of postpartum period on maternal pains, fatigue, and mood: a randomized clinical trial. Int J Prev Med. 2017 May 4;8:29.
  Veiskaramian A, Gholami M, Yarahmadi S, Amanolahi Baharvand P, Birjandi M. Effect of aromatherapy with Melissa essential oil on stress and hemodynamic parameters in acute coronary syndrome patients: A clinical trial in the emergency department. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2021;44:101436.
  Vejdani R, Shalmani HR, Mir-Fattahi M, et al. The efficacy of an herbal medicine, Carmint, on the relief of abdominal pain and bloating in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a pilot study. Dig Dis Sci. 2006 Aug;51:1501-7.
  Velasco-Rodríguez R, Pérez-Hernández MG, Maturano-Melgoza JA, et al. The effect of aromatherapy with lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) on serum melatonin levels. Complement Ther Med. 2019;47:102208.
  Viapiana A, Wesolowski M. The phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of infusions of Sambucus nigra L. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2017;72(1):82-7.
  Vissiennon Z, Sichardt K, Koetter U, et al. Valerian extract Ze 911 inhibits postsynaptic potentials by activation of adenosine A1 receptors in rat cortical neurons. Planta Med 2006;72(7):579-83.
  Vlachojannis JE, Cameron M, Chrubasik S. A systematic review on the sambuci fructus effect and efficacy profiles. Phytother Res. 2010 Jan;24(1):1-8.
  Vogt M, Tausch I, Wölbling RH, and et al. [Melissa extract in herpes simplex: a double-blind placebo-controlled study]. Der Allgemeinarzt 1991;13:832-841.
  Volk, S., Friede, M., Hasenfuss, I., and Wustenberg, P. Phytosedativum gegen nervose Unruhezustande und Einschlafstorungen: Wirksamkeit und Vetraglichkeit eines pflanzlichen Kombinations-praparates aus Baldrianwurzeln, Hopfenzapfen und Melissenblattern. Z Phytother 1999;20(6):337-344.
  Vorbach EU, Darmstadt R, Gortelmeyer, Frankfurt, and Bruning J. Therapie von Insomnien. Psychopharmakotherapie 1996;3:109-115.
  Wake, G., Court, J., Pickering, A., Lewis, R., Wilkins, R., and Perry, E. CNS acetylcholine receptor activity in European medicinal plants traditionally used to improve failing memory. J Ethnopharmacol 2000;69(2):105-114.
  Waldschutz, R. and Klein, P. The homeopathic preparation Neurexan vs. valerian for the treatment of insomnia: an observational study. ScientificWorldJournal. 2008;8:411-420.
  Walker EG, Lo KR, Pahl MC, et al. An extract of hops (Humulus lupulus L.) modulates gut peptide hormone secretion and reduces energy intake in healthy-weight men: a randomized, cross-over clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2022;115(3):925-940.
  Wang S, Dunlap TL, Howell CE, et al. Hop (Humuls lupulus L.) extract and 6-prenylnaringenin induce P450 1A1 catalyzed estrogen 2-hydroxylation. Chem Res Toxicol. 2016 Jul 18;29(7):1142-50.
  Watson K, Hatcher D, Good A. A randomised controlled trial of Lavender (Lavandula Angustifolia) and Lemon Balm (Melissa Officinalis) essential oils for the treatment of agitated behaviour in older people with and without dementia. Complement Ther Med 2019;42:366-73. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2018.12.016.
  Weeks, B. S. Formulations of dietary supplements and herbal extracts for relaxation and anxiolytic action: Relarian. Med Sci Monit. 2009;15(11):RA256-RA262.
  Weizman Z, Alkrinawi S, Goldfarb D, et al. Efficacy of herbal tea preparation in infantile colic. J Pediatr 1993;122(4):650-652.
  Wells SR. International intravenous administration of a crude valerian root extract. NACCT 1995;33:542.
  Wheatley D. Stress-induced insomnia treated with kava and valerian: singly and in combination. Hum Psychopharmacol 2001;16:353-6.
  Widy-Tyszkiewicz, E and Schminda, R. A randomized double blind study of sedative effects of phytotherapeutic containing valerian, hops, balm and motherwort versus placebo. Herb Polon 1997;2:154-159.
  Willey LB, Mady SP, Cobaugh DJ, Wax PM. Valerian overdose: a case report. Vet Hum Toxicol 1995;37:364-5.
  Woelk, H. and Schlafke, S. A multi-center, double-blind, randomised study of the Lavender oil preparation Silexan in comparison to Lorazepam for generalized anxiety disorder. Phytomedicine. 2010;17(2):94-99.
  Wohlfart, R., Hansel, R., and Schmidt, H. [The sedative-hypnotic action of hops. 4. Communication: pharmacology of the hop substance 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol]. Planta Med 1983;48(2):120-123.
  Wohlfart, R., Wurm, G., Hansel, R., and Schmidt, H. [Detection of sedative-hypnotic active ingredients in hops. 5. Degradation of bitter acids to 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, a hop constituent with sedative-hypnotic activity]. Arch.Pharm.(Weinheim) 1983;316(2):132-137.
  Wolbling RH and Leonhardt K. Local therapy of herpes simplex with dried extract from Melissa officinalis. Phytomedicine 1994;1:25-31.
  Wolbling RH and Milbradt R. [Clinical manifestations and treatment of Herpes simplex infections]. Therapiewoche 1984;34:1193-1200.
  Wong, A. H., Smith, M., and Boon, H. S. Herbal remedies in psychiatric practice. Arch Gen.Psychiatry 1998;55(11):1033-1044.
  Woronuk, G., Demissie, Z., Rheault, M., and Mahmoud, S. Biosynthesis and therapeutic properties of Lavandula essential oil constituents. Planta Med 2011;77(1):7-15.
  Xiong M, Li Y, Tang P, Zhang Y, Cao M, Ni J, Xing M. Effectiveness of aromatherapy massage and inhalation on symptoms of depression in Chinese community-dwelling older adults. J Altern Complement Med. 2018;24(7):717-724.
  Xu, F., Uebaba, K., Ogawa, H., Tatsuse, T., Wang, B. H., Hisajima, T., and Venkatraman, S. Pharmaco-physio-psychologic effect of Ayurvedic oil-dripping treatment using an essential oil from Lavendula angustifolia. J Altern.Complement Med. 2008;14(8):947-956.
  Xu, J., Guo, Y., Xie, C., Jin, D. Q., Gao, J., and Gui, L. Isolation and neuroprotective activities of acylated iridoids from Valeriana jatamansi. Chem Biodivers. 2012;9(7):1382-1388.
  Xu, J., Li, Y., Guo, Y., Guo, P., Yamakuni, T., and Ohizumi, Y. Isolation, structural elucidation, and neuroprotective effects of iridoids from Valeriana jatamansi. Biosci.Biotechnol.Biochem. 2012;76(7):1401-1403.
  Yajima, H., Ikeshima, E., Shiraki, M., Kanaya, T., Fujiwara, D., Odai, H., Tsuboyama-Kasaoka, N., Ezaki, O., Oikawa, S., and Kondo, K. Isohumulones, bitter acids derived from hops, activate both peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and gamma and reduce insulin resistance. J Biol Chem 8-6-2004;279(32):33456-33462.
  Yamada K, Kimaki Y, and Ashida Y. Anticonvulsive effects of inhaling lavender oil vapour. Biol Pharm Bull 1994;17(2):359-360.
  Yamaguchi, N., Satoh-Yamaguchi, K., and Ono, M. In vitro evaluation of antibacterial, anticollagenase, and antioxidant activities of hop components (Humulus lupulus) addressing acne vulgaris. Phytomedicine. 2009;16(4):369-376.
  Yamasaki, K., Nakano, M., Kawahata, T., Mori, H., Otake, T., Ueba, N., Oishi, I., Inami, R., Yamane, M., Nakamura, M., Murata, H., and Nakanishi, T. Anti-HIV-1 activity of herbs in Labiatae. Biol.Pharm Bull 1998;21(8):829-833.
  Yap WS, Dolzhenko AV, Jalal Z, Hadi MA, Khan TM. Efficacy and safety of lavender essential oil (Silexan) capsules among patients suffering from anxiety disorders: A network meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):18042.
  Yargholi A, Shirbeigi L, Rahimi R, Mansouri P, Ayati MH. The effect of Melissa officinalis syrup on patients with mild to moderate psoriasis: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. BMC Res Notes 2021;14(1):253.
  Yasukawa, K., Takeuchi, M., and Takido, M. Humulon, a bitter in the hop, inhibits tumor promotion by 12-O- tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in two-stage carcinogenesis in mouse skin. Oncology 1995;52(2):156-158.
  Yazdkhasti M, Pirak A. The effect of aromatherapy with lavender essence on severity of labor pain and duration of labor in primiparous women. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2016 Nov;25:81-86.
  Yip, Y. B. and Tse, S. H. An experimental study on the effectiveness of acupressure with aromatic lavender essential oil for sub-acute, non-specific neck pain in Hong Kong. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2006;12(1):18-26.
  Yip, Y. B. and Tse, S. H. The effectiveness of relaxation acupoint stimulation and acupressure with aromatic lavender essential oil for non-specific low back pain in Hong Kong: a randomised controlled trial. Complement Ther.Med. 2004;12(1):28-37.
  Yoon, M. and Kim, M. Y. The anti-angiogenic herbal composition Ob-X from Morus alba, Melissa officinalis, and Artemisia capillaris regulates obesity in genetically obese ob/ob mice. Pharm.Biol. 2011;49(6):614-619.
  Yuan CS, Mehendale S, Xiao Y, et al. The gamma-aminobutyric acidergic effects of valerian and valerenic acid on rat brainstem neuronal activity. Anesth Analg 2004;98:353-8.
  Zanoli, P., Zavatti, M., Rivasi, M., Benelli, A., Avallone, R., and Baraldi, M. Experimental evidence of the anaphrodisiac activity of Humulus lupulus L. in naive male rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 8-17-2009;125(1):36-40.
  Zava DT, Dollbaum CM, Blen M. Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1998;217:369-78.
  Zhang W, Yan Y, Wu Y, et al. Medicinal herbs for the treatment of anxiety: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res 2022;179:106204.
  Zhang, N., Liu, Z., Han, Q., Chen, J., and Lv, Y. Xanthohumol enhances antiviral effect of interferon alpha-2b against bovine viral diarrhea virus, a surrogate of hepatitis C virus. Phytomedicine. 2010;17(5):310-316.
  Ziegler G, Ploch M, Miettinen-Baumann A, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of valerian extract LI 156 compared with oxazepam in the treatment of non-organic insomnia–a randomized, double-blind, comparative clinical study. Eur J Med Res. 2002 Nov 25;7:480-6.