Forever Mint™ 50g

Clinical References

Clinical evidence of the ingredients found in this product. These are public domain references and do not relate directly to our product.
Allspice

• Doyle, B. J., Frasor, J., Bellows, L. E., Locklear, T. D., Perez, A., Gomez-Laurito, J., and Mahady, G. B. Estrogenic effects of herbal medicines from Costa Rica used for the management of menopausal symptoms. Menopause. 2009;16(4):748-755.
• Kikuzaki, H., Miyajima, Y., and Nakatani, N. Phenolic Glycosides from Berries of Pimenta dioica. J Nat.Prod. 3-4-2008.
• Kikuzaki, H., Sato, A., Mayahara, Y., and Nakatani, N. Galloylglucosides from berries of Pimenta dioica. J Nat.Prod. 2000;63(6):749-752.
• Lee, Y. H., Hong, S. W., Jun, W., Cho, H. Y., Kim, H. C., Jung, M. G., Wong, J., Kim, H. I., Kim, C. H., and Yoon, H. G. Anti-histone acetyltransferase activity from allspice extracts inhibits androgen receptor-dependent prostate cancer cell growth. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2007;71(11):2712-2719.
• Marzouk, M. S., Moharram, F. A., Mohamed, M. A., Gamal-Eldeen, A. M., and Aboutabl, E. A. Anticancer and antioxidant tannins from Pimenta dioica leaves. Z.Naturforsch.[C.] 2007;62(7-8):526-536.
• Miyajima, Y., Kikuzaki, H., Hisamoto, M., and Nikatani, N. Antioxidative polyphenols from berries of Pimenta dioica. Biofactors 2004;21(1-4):301-303.
• Niinimaki, A. Delayed-type allergy to spices. Contact Dermatitis 1984;11(1):34-40.
• Chen SJ, Wang MH, Chen IJ. Antiplatelet and calcium inhibitory properties of eugenol and sodium eugenol acetate. Gen Pharmacol 1996;27:629-33.
• Doyle BJ, Lawal TO, Locklear TD, et al. Isolation and identification of three new chromones from the leaves of Pimenta dioica with cytotoxic, oestrogenic and anti-oestrogenic effects. Pharm Biol. 2018;56(1):235-244.
• Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21. Part 182 — Substances Generally Recognized As Safe. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=182
• Ismail MM, Samir R, Saber FR, Ahmed SR, Farag MA. Pimenta Oil as a potential treatment for Acinetobacter baumannii wound infection: in vitro and in vivo bioassays in relation to its chemical composition. Antibiotics (Basel). 2020 Oct 7;9(10):679.
• Kanerva L, Estlander T, Jolanki R. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from spices. Contact Dermatitis 1996;35:157-62.
• Mérida-Reyes MS, Muñoz-Wug MA, Oliva-Hernández BE, et al. Composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil from Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. from Guatemala. Medicines (Basel). 2020 Sep 23;7(10):59. doi:
• Padmakumari KP, Sasidharan I, Sreekumar MM. Composition and antioxidant activity of essential oil of pimento (Pimenta dioica (L) Merr.) from Jamaica. Nat Prod Res. 2011;25(2):152-60.
• Ramos A, Visozo A, Piloto J, et al. Screening of antimutagenicity via antioxidant activity in Cuban medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol 2003;87:241-6.
• Regula P, Edelman D, Ferastraoaru D, Ramesh M, Hudes G. Severe allergic reaction to allspice, a hidden food allergen. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2022;129(2):241-2.
• Shamaladevi N, Lyn DA, Shaaban KA, et al. Ericifolin: a novel antitumor compound from allspice that silences androgen receptor in prostate cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2013;34(8):1822-32.
• Suarez A, Ulate G, Ciccio JF. Cardiovascular effects of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Pimenta dioica in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Ethnopharmacol 1997;55:107-11.

Pepper (Black, White & Pink)

• Agbor, G. A., Vinson, J. A., Oben, J. E., and Ngogang, J. Y. In vitro antioxidant activity of three Piper species. J Herb.Pharmacother. 2007;7(2):49-64.
• Aher, S., Biradar, S., Gopu, C. L., and Paradkar, A. Novel pepper extract for enhanced P-glycoprotein inhibition. J Pharm.Pharmacol. 2009;61(9):1179-1186.
• Amer, A. and Mehlhorn, H. Larvicidal effects of various essential oils against Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex larvae (Diptera, Culicidae). Parasitol.Res. 2006;99(4):466-472.
• Amer, A. and Mehlhorn, H. Persistency of larvicidal effects of plant oil extracts under different storage conditions. Parasitol.Res. 2006;99(4):473-477.
• Bajad, S., Bedi, K. L., Singla, A. K., and Johri, R. K. Antidiarrhoeal activity of piperine in mice. Planta Med 2001;67(3):284-287.
• Bano G, Amla V, Raina RK, et al. The effect of piperine on pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in healthy volunteers. Planta Med 1987;53:568-9.
• Bano G, et al. Effect of piperine on bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of propranolol and theophylline in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1991;41;615-7.
• Bezerra, D. P., Pessoa, C., de Moraes, M. O., Silveira, E. R., Lima, M. A., Elmiro, F. J., and Costa-Lotufo, L. V. Antiproliferative effects of two amides, piperine and piplartine, from Piper species. Z.Naturforsch.C. 2005;60(7-8):539-543.
• Bhardwaj RK, Glaeser H, Becquemont L, et al. Piperine, a major constituent of black pepper, inhibits human P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002;302:645-50.
• Capasso, R., Izzo, A. A., Borrelli, F., Russo, A., Sautebin, L., Pinto, A., Capasso, F., and Mascolo, N. Effect of piperine, the active ingredient of black pepper, on intestinal secretion in mice. Life Sci 9-27-2002;71(19):2311-2317.
• Chaubey, M. K. Fumigant toxicity of essential oils from some common spices against pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). J Oleo.Sci 2008;57(3):171-179.
• Chaudhry, N. M. and Tariq, P. Bactericidal activity of black pepper, bay leaf, aniseed and coriander against oral isolates. Pak.J Pharm Sci 2006;19(3):214-218.
• Cohle SD, Trestrail JD III, Graham MA, et al. Fatal pepper aspiration. Am J Dis Child 1988;142:633-6.
• Cordell B, Buckle J. The effects of aromatherapy on nicotine craving on a U.S. campus: a small comparison study. J Altern Complement Med. 2013 Aug;19(8):709-13. doi: 10.1089/acm.2012.0537.
• Dearlove, R. P., Greenspan, P., Hartle, D. K., Swanson, R. B., and Hargrove, J. L. Inhibition of protein glycation by extracts of culinary herbs and spices. J Med Food 2008;11(2):275-281.
• Dorman HJ, Deans SG. Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. J Appl Microbiol 2000;88:308-16.
• Duessel, S., Heuertz, R. M., and Ezekiel, U. R. Growth inhibition of human colon cancer cells by plant compounds. Clin Lab Sci. 2008;21(3):151-157.
• Ebihara, T., Ebihara, S., Maruyama, M., Kobayashi, M., Itou, A., Arai, H., and Sasaki, H. A randomized trial of olfactory stimulation using black pepper oil in older people with swallowing dysfunction. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006;54(9):1401-1406.
• el-Mofty MM, Khudoley VV, Shwaireb MH. Carcinogenic effect of force-feeding an extract of black pepper (Piper nigrum) in Egyptian toads (Bufo regularis). Oncology 1991;48:347-50.
• Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21. Part 182 — Substances Generally Recognized As Safe. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=182
• Faas, L., Venkatasamy, R., Hider, R. C., Young, A. R., and Soumyanath, A. In vivo evaluation of piperine and synthetic analogues as potential treatments for vitiligo using a sparsely pigmented mouse model. Br.J Dermatol. 2008;158(5):941-950.
• Freeman, S., Ebihara, S., Ebihara, T., Niu, K., Kohzuki, M., Arai, H., and Butler, J. P. Olfactory stimuli and enhanced postural stability in older adults. Gait.Posture. 2009;29(4):658-660.
• Freire-de-Lima, L., Ribeiro, T. S., Rocha, G. M., Brandao, B. A., Romeiro, A., Mendonca-Previato, L., Previato, J. O., de Lima, M. E., de Carvalho, T. M., and Heise, N. The toxic effects of piperine against Trypanosoma cruzi: ultrastructural alterations and reversible blockage of cytokinesis in epimastigote forms. Parasitol.Res. 2008;102(5):1059-1067.
• Friedman, M., Levin, C. E., Lee, S. U., Lee, J. S., Ohnisi-Kameyama, M., and Kozukue, N. Analysis by HPLC and LC/MS of pungent piperamides in commercial black, white, green, and red whole and ground peppercorns. J Agric.Food Chem. 5-14-2008;56(9):3028-3036.
• George, D. R., Sparagano, O. A., Port, G., Okello, E., Shiel, R. S., and Guy, J. H. Repellence of plant essential oils to Dermanyssus gallinae and toxicity to the non-target invertebrate Tenebrio molitor. Vet.Parasitol. 5-26-2009;162(1-2):129-134.
• Gimenez L, Zacharisen M. Severe pepper allergy in a young child. WMJ. 2011 Jun;110(3):138-9.
• Gregersen NT, Belza A, Jensen MG, Ritz C, Bitz C, Hels O, Frandsen E, Mela DJ, Astrup A. Acute effects of mustard, horseradish, black pepper and ginger on energy expenditure, appetite, ad libitum energy intake and energy balance in human subjects. Br J Nutr. 2013 Feb 14;109(3):556-63.
• Gulcin, I. The antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of black pepper (Piper nigrum) seeds. Int.J Food Sci Nutr. 2005;56(7):491-499.
• Han X, Beaumont C, Rodriguez D, Bahr T. Black pepper (Piper nigrum) essential oil demonstrates tissue remodeling and metabolism modulating potential in human cells. Phytother Res. 2018;32(9):1848-1852.
• Han, Y., Chin Tan, T. M., and Lim, L. Y. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the effects of piperine on P-gp function and expression. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 8-1-2008;230(3):283-289.
• Hendrix, C. R., Housh, T. J., Mielke, M., Zuniga, J. M., Camic, C. L., Johnson, G. O., Schmidt, R. J., and Housh, D. J. Acute effects of a caffeine-containing supplement on bench press and leg extension strength and time to exhaustion during cycle ergometry. J Strength.Cond.Res 2010;24(3):859-865.
• Hiwale, A. R., Dhuley, J. N., and Naik, S. R. Effect of co-administration of piperine on pharmacokinetics of beta-lactam antibiotics in rats. Indian J Exp.Biol. 2002;40(3):277-281.
• Kamble VA. Spice derived essential oils: effective antifungal and possible therapeutic agents. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants 2008;14(3-4):129-143.
• Kapoor, I. P., Singh, B., Singh, G., De Heluani, C. S., De Lampasona, M. P., and Catalan, C. A. Chemistry and in vitro antioxidant activity of volatile oil and oleoresins of black pepper (Piper nigrum). J Agric.Food Chem. 6-24-2009;57(12):5358-5364.
• Kasibhatta, R. and Naidu, M. U. Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of nevirapine under fasting conditions: a randomised, crossover, placebo-controlled study. Drugs R.D. 2007;8(6):383-391.
• Khajuria A, Zutshi U, Bedi KL. Permeability characteristics of piperine on oral absorption-an active alkaloid from peppers and a bioavailability enhancer. Indian J Exp Biol 1998;36:46-50.
• Koul, I. B. and Kapil, A. Evaluation of the liver protective potential of piperine, an active principle of black and long peppers. Planta Med 1993;59(5):413-417.
• Krishnakumar, N., Manoharan, S., Palaniappan, P. R., Venkatachalam, P., and Manohar, M. G. Chemopreventive efficacy of piperine in 7,12-dimethyl benz [a] anthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis: an FT-IR study. Food Chem.Toxicol. 2009;47(11):2813-2820.
• Kristiniak S, Harpel J, Breckenridge DM, Buckle J. Black pepper essential oil to enhance intravenous catheter insertion in patients with poor vein visibility: a controlled study. J Altern Complement Med. 2012;18(11):1003-7.
• Lawless, H. and Stevens, D. A. Effects of oral chemical irritation on taste. Physiol Behav. 1984;32(6):995-998.
• Lin, J. K. Food-borne amines and amides as potential precursors of endogenous carcinogens. Proc Natl.Sci Counc.Repub.China B 1986;10(1):20-34.
• Lin, Z., Hoult, J. R., Bennett, D. C., and Raman, A. Stimulation of mouse melanocyte proliferation by Piper nigrum fruit extract and its main alkaloid, piperine. Planta Med 1999;65(7):600-603.
• Lin, Z., Liao, Y., Venkatasamy, R., Hider, R. C., and Soumyanath, A. Amides from Piper nigrum L. with dissimilar effects on melanocyte proliferation in-vitro. J Pharm.Pharmacol. 2007;59(4):529-536.
• Lindheimer JB, Loy BD, O’Connor PJ. Short-term effects of black pepper (Piper nigrum) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis and Rosmarinnus eriocalyx) on sustained attention and on energy and fatigue mood states in young adults with low energy. J Med Food. 2013;16(8):765-771.
• Maenthaisong R, Chaiyakunapruk N, Tiyaboonchai W, Tawatsin A, Rojanawiwat A, Thavara U. Efficacy and safety of topical Trikatu preparation in, relieving mosquito bite reactions: a randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med 2014;22(1):34-9.
• Marotta, R. B. and Floch, M. H. Diet and nutrition in ulcer disease. Med Clin North Am 1991;75(4):967-979.
• Matsuda, H., Ninomiya, K., Morikawa, T., Yasuda, D., Yamaguchi, I., and Yoshikawa, M. Hepatoprotective amide constituents from the fruit of Piper chaba: Structural requirements, mode of action, and new amides. Bioorg.Med Chem. 10-15-2009;17(20):7313-7323.
• McNamara, F. N., Randall, A., and Gunthorpe, M. J. Effects of piperine, the pungent component of black pepper, at the human vanilloid receptor (TRPV1). Br J Pharmacol 2005;144(6):781-790.
• Meghwal M, Goswami TK. Piper nigrum and piperine: an update. Phytother Res. 2013;27(8):1121-30.
• Mohtar, M., Johari, S. A., Li, A. R., Isa, M. M., Mustafa, S., Ali, A. M., and Basri, D. F. Inhibitory and resistance-modifying potential of plant-based alkaloids against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Curr.Microbiol. 2009;59(2):181-186.
• Mujumdar, A. M., Dhuley, J. N., Deshmukh, V. K., Raman, P. H., Thorat, S. L., and Naik, S. R. Effect of piperine on pentobarbitone induced hypnosis in rats. Indian J Exp.Biol. 1990;28(5):486-487.
• Munakata, M., Kobayashi, K., Niisato-Nezu, J., Tanaka, S., Kakisaka, Y., Ebihara, T., Ebihara, S., Haginoya, K., Tsuchiya, S., and Onuma, A. Olfactory stimulation using black pepper oil facilitates oral feeding in pediatric patients receiving long-term enteral nutrition. Tohoku J Exp.Med 2008;214(4):327-332.
• Myers, B. M., Smith, J. L., and Graham, D. Y. Effect of red pepper and black pepper on the stomach. Am J Gastroenterol 1987;82(3):211-214.
• Nalini N, Sabitha K, Viswanathan P, Menon VP. Influence of spices on the bacterial (enzyme) activity in experimental colon cancer. J Ethnopharmacol 1998;62:15-24.
• Naseri, M. K. and Yahyavi, H. Antispasmodic effect of Piper nigrum fruit hot water extract on rat ileum. Pak.J Biol.Sci 6-1-2008;11(11):1492-1496.
• Navarro, I. T., Vidotto, O., Giraldi, N., and Mitsuka, R. [Resistance of Toxoplasma gondii to sodium chloride and condiments in pork sausage]. Bol.Oficina Sanit.Panam. 1992;112(2):138-143.
• Ngamo, L. S., Ngassoum, M. B., Jirovetz, L., Ousman, A., Nukenine, E. C., and Mukala, O. E. Protection of stored maize against Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) by use of essential oils of spices from Cameroon. Meded.Rijksuniv.Gent Fak.Landbouwkd.Toegep.Biol.Wet. 2001;66(2a):473-478.
• O’Mahony, R., Al Khtheeri, H., Weerasekera, D., Fernando, N., Vaira, D., Holton, J., and Basset, C. Bactericidal and anti-adhesive properties of culinary and medicinal plants against Helicobacter pylori. World J Gastroenterol. 12-21-2005;11(47):7499-7507.
• Ononiwu, I. M., Ibeneme, C. E., and Ebong, O. O. Effects of piperine on gastric acid secretion in albino rats. Afr.J Med Med Sci 2002;31(4):293-295.
• Panda, S. and Kar, A. Piperine lowers the serum concentrations of thyroid hormones, glucose and hepatic 5’D activity in adult male mice. Horm.Metab Res. 2003;35(9):523-526.
• Panossian, A., Nikoyan, N., Ohanyan, N., Hovhannisyan, A., Abrahamyan, H., Gabrielyan, E., and Wikman, G. Comparative study of Rhodiola preparations on behavioral despair of rats. Phytomedicine. 2008;15(1-2):84-91.
• Park, I. K., Lee, S. G., Shin, S. C., Park, J. D., and Ahn, Y. J. Larvicidal activity of isobutylamides identified in Piper nigrum fruits against three mosquito species. J Agric.Food Chem. 3-27-2002;50(7):1866-1870.
• Pattanaik S, Hota D, Prabhakar S, et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction of a single dose of piperine with steady-state carbamazepine in epilepsy patients. Phytother Res 2009;23:1281-6.
• Piyachaturawat, P., Kingkaeohoi, S., and Toskulkao, C. Potentiation of carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity by piperine. Drug Chem.Toxicol. 1995;18(4):333-344.
• Raay, B., Medda, S., Mukhopadhyay, S., and Basu, M. K. Targeting of piperine intercalated in mannose-coated liposomes in experimental leishmaniasis. Indian J Biochem.Biophys. 1999;36(4):248-251.
• Raghavendra, R. H. and Naidu, K. A. Spice active principles as the inhibitors of human platelet aggregation and thromboxane biosynthesis. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2009;81(1):73-78.
• Reen, R. K., Roesch, S. F., Kiefer, F., Wiebel, F. J., and Singh, J. Piperine impairs cytochrome P4501A1 activity by direct interaction with the enzyme and not by down regulation of CYP1A1 gene expression in the rat hepatoma 5L cell line. Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun. 1-17-1996;218(2):562-569.
• Reen, R. K., Wiebel, F. J., and Singh, J. Piperine inhibits aflatoxin B1-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in V79 Chinese hamster cells genetically engineered to express rat cytochrome P4502B1. J Ethnopharmacol. 1997;58(3):165-173.
• Ren T, Yang M, Xiao M, Zhu J, Xie W, Zuo Z. Time-dependent inhibition of carbamazepine metabolism by piperine in anti-epileptic treatment. Life Sci. 2019;218:314-323.
• Ribeiro, T. S., Freire-de-Lima, L., Previato, J. O., Mendonca-Previato, L., Heise, N., and de Lima, M. E. Toxic effects of natural piperine and its derivatives on epimastigotes and amastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi. Bioorg.Med Chem.Lett. 7-5-2004;14(13):3555-3558.
• Rondanelli M, Opizzi A, Perna S, Faliva M, Solerte SB, Fioravanti M, Klersy C, Edda C, Maddalena P, Luciano S, Paola C, Emanuela C, Claudia S, Donini LM. Acute effect on satiety, resting energy expenditure, respiratory quotient, glucagon-like peptide-1, free fatty acids, and glycerol following consumption of a combination of bioactive food ingredients in overweight subjects. J Am Coll Nutr. 2013;32(1):41-9.
• Rose, J. E. and Behm, F. M. Inhalation of vapor from black pepper extract reduces smoking withdrawal symptoms. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1994;34(3):225-229.
• Saraswat, M., Muthenna, P., Suryanarayana, P., Petrash, J. M., and Reddy, G. B. Dietary sources of aldose reductase inhibitors: prospects for alleviating diabetic complications. Asia Pac.J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(4):558-565.
• Saraswat, M., Reddy, P. Y., Muthenna, P., and Reddy, G. B. Prevention of non-enzymic glycation of proteins by dietary agents: prospects for alleviating diabetic complications. Br.J Nutr. 2009;101(11):1714-1721.
• Saxena, R., Venkaiah, K., Anitha, P., Venu, L., and Raghunath, M. Antioxidant activity of commonly consumed plant foods of India: contribution of their phenolic content. Int.J Food Sci Nutr. 2007;58(4):250-260.
• Scott, I. M., Gagnon, N., Lesage, L., Philogene, B. J., and Arnason, J. T. Efficacy of botanical insecticides from Piper species (Piperaceae) extracts for control of Ruropean chafer (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). J Econ.Entomol. 2005;98(3):845-855.
• Selvendiran, K., Banu, S. M., and Sakthisekaran, D. Oral supplementation of piperine leads to altered phase II enzymes and reduced DNA damage and DNA-protein cross links in Benzo(a)pyrene induced experimental lung carcinogenesis. Mol.Cell Biochem. 2005;268(1-2):141-147.
• Selvendiran, K., Banu, S. M., and Sakthisekaran, D. Protective effect of piperine on benzo(a)pyrene-induced lung carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice. Clin Chim.Acta 2004;350(1-2):73-78.
• Selvendiran, K., Thirunavukkarasu, C., Singh, J. P., Padmavathi, R., and Sakthisekaran, D. Chemopreventive effect of piperine on mitochondrial TCA cycle and phase-I and glutathione-metabolizing enzymes in benzo(a)pyrene induced lung carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice. Mol.Cell Biochem. 2005;271(1-2):101-106.
• Shafiee A, Hoormand M, Shahidi-Dadras M, Abadi A. The effect of topical piperine combined with narrowband UVB on vitiligo treatment: A clinical trial study. Phytother Res. 2018;32(9):1812-1817.
• Sharma, P., Varma, M. V., Chawla, H. P., and Panchagnula, R. In situ and in vivo efficacy of peroral absorption enhancers in rats and correlation to in vitro mechanistic studies. Farmaco 2005;60(11-12):874-883.
• Sheahan K, Page DV, Kemper T, Suarez R. Childhood sudden death secondary to accidental aspiration of black pepper. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1988;9:51-3.
• Shenoy, N. R. and Choughuley, A. S. Characterization of potentially mutagenic products from the nitrosation of piperine. Cancer Lett. 7-10-1992;64(3):235-239.
• Siddiqui, B. S., Gulzar, T., Mahmood, A., Begum, S., Khan, B., and Afshan, F. New insecticidal amides from petroleum ether extract of dried Piper nigrum L. whole fruits. Chem.Pharm.Bull (Tokyo) 2004;52(11):1349-1352.
• Simas, N. K., Lima, Eda C., Kuster, R. M., Lage, C. L., and Oliveira Filho, A. M. Potential use of Piper nigrum ethanol extract against pyrethroid-resistant Aedes aegypti larvae. Rev.Soc.Bras.Med Trop. 2007;40(4):405-407.
• Singh A, Rao AR. Evaluation of the modulatory influence of black pepper (Piper nigrum, L.) on the hepatic detoxication system. Cancer Lett 1993;72:5-9.
• Singh, J., Reen, R. K., and Wiebel, F. J. Piperine, a major ingredient of black and long peppers, protects against AFB1-induced cytotoxicity and micronuclei formation in H4IIEC3 rat hepatoma cells. Cancer Lett. 11-11-1994;86(2):195-200.
• Song, Q. F., Qu, Y. C., Zheng, H. B., Zhang, G. H., Lin, H. G., and Yang, J. L. [Differentiation of erythroleukemia K562 cells induced by piperine]. Ai.Zheng. 2008;27(6):571-574.
• Subehan, Usia, T., Iwata, H., Kadota, S., and Tezuka, Y. Mechanism-based inhibition of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 by Indonesian medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 5-24-2006;105(3):449-455.
• Subehan, Usia, T., Kadota, S., and Tezuka, Y. Mechanism-based inhibition of human liver microsomal cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) by alkamides of Piper nigrum. Planta Med 2006;72(6):527-532.
• Tantaoui-Elaraki, A. and Beraoud, L. Inhibition of growth and aflatoxin production in Aspergillus parasiticus by essential oils of selected plant materials. J Environ.Pathol.Toxicol Oncol. 1994;13(1):67-72.
• Taqvi, SI, Shah, AJ, and Gilani, AH. Insight into the possible mechanism of antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activities of piperine. Pharmaceutical Biology (Netherlands) 2009;47(660):664.
• Thavara, U., Tawatsin, A., Bhakdeenuan, P., Wongsinkongman, P., Boonruad, T., Bansiddhi, J., Chavalittumrong, P., Komalamisra, N., Siriyasatien, P., and Mulla, M. S. Repellent activity of essential oils against cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattidae, Blattellidae, and Blaberidae) in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop.Med.Public Health 2007;38(4):663-673.
• Thomas AB, Choudhary DC, Raje A, Nagrik SS. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic herb-drug interaction of piperine with atorvastatin in rats. J Chromatogr Sci 2021;59(4):371-80.
• Topal, U., Sasaki, M., Goto, M., and Otles, S. Chemical compositions and antioxidant properties of essential oils from nine species of Turkish plants obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and steam distillation. Int.J.Food Sci.Nutr. 2008;59(7-8):619-634.
• Unnikrishnan, M. C. and Kuttan, R. Tumour reducing and anticarcinogenic activity of selected spices. Cancer Lett. 5-15-1990;51(1):85-89.
• Usia, T., Iwata, H., Hiratsuka, A., Watabe, T., Kadota, S., and Tezuka, Y. CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 inhibitory activities of Indonesian medicinal plants. Phytomedicine. 2006;13(1-2):67-73.
• Vasudevan, K., Vembar, S., Veeraraghavan, K., and Haranath, P. S. Influence of intragastric perfusion of aqueous spice extracts on acid secretion in anesthetized albino rats. Indian J.Gastroenterol. 2000;19(2):53-56.
• Veerareddy, P. R., Vobalaboina, V., and Nahid, A. Formulation and evaluation of oil-in-water emulsions of piperine in visceral leishmaniasis. Pharmazie 2004;59(3):194-197.
• Velpandian T, Jasuja R, Bhardwaj RK, et al. Piperine in food: interference in the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2001;26:241-7.
• Vijayakumar, R. S., Surya, D., and Nalini, N. Antioxidant efficacy of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and piperine in rats with high fat diet induced oxidative stress. Redox.Rep. 2004;9(2):105-110.
• Wrba, H., el Mofty, M. M., Schwaireb, M. H., and Dutter, A. Carcinogenicity testing of some constituents of black pepper (Piper nigrum). Exp.Toxicol.Pathol. 1992;44(2):61-65.
• Zutshi, R. K., Singh, R., Zutshi, U., Johri, R. K., and Atal, C. K. Influence of piperine on rifampicin blood levels in patients of pulmonary tuberculosis. J Assoc.Physicians India 1985;33(3):223-224.

Peppermint

• Akbari F, Rezaei M, Khatony A. Effect of peppermint essence on the pain and anxiety caused by intravenous catheterization in cardiac patients: A randomized controlled trial. J Pain Res. 2019;12:2933-2939.
• Akdogan M, Ozguner M, Aydin G, Gokalp O. Investigation of biochemical and histopathological effects of Mentha piperita Labiatae and Mentha spicata Labiatae on liver tissue in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2004;23:21-8
• Akdogan M, Ozguner M, Kocak A, et al. Effects of peppermint teas on plasma testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone levels and testicular tissue in rats. Urology 2004;64:394-8.
• Akdogan, M., Gultekin, F., and Yontem, M. Effect of Mentha piperita (Labiatae) and Mentha spicata (Labiatae) on iron absorption in rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2004;20(6-10):119-122.
• Anderson LA, Gross JB. Aromatherapy with peppermint, isopropyl alcohol, or placebo is equally effective in relieving postoperative nausea. J Perianesth Nurs 2004;19:29-35.
• Ardakani MT, Ghassemi S, Mehdizadeh M, et al. Evaluating the effect of Matricaria recutita and Mentha piperita herbal mouthwash on management of oral mucositis in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled clinical trial. Complement Ther Med 2016;29:29-34.
• Barker, S., Grayhem, P., Koon, J., Perkins, J., Whalen, A., and Raudenbush, B. Improved performance on clerical tasks associated with administration of peppermint odor. Percept Mot Skills 2003;97(3 Pt 1):1007-1010.
• Bayat R, Borici-Mazi R. A case of anaphylaxis to peppermint. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. 2014;10(1):6.
• Begas E, Tsioutsiouliti A, Kouvaras E, et al. Effects of peppermint tea consumption on the activities of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, Xanthine Oxidase, N-acetyltranferase-2 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases-1A1/1A6 in healthy volunteers. Food Chem Toxicol 2017;100:80-9.
• Borhani, Haghighi A., Motazedian, S., Rezaii, R., Mohammadi, F., Salarian, L., Pourmokhtari, M., Khodaei, S., Vossoughi, M., and Miri, R. Cutaneous application of menthol 10% solution as an abortive treatment of migraine without aura: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossed-over study. Int J Clin Pract 2010;64(4):451-456.
• Chang, F. Y. and Lu, C. L. The clinical significances of irritable bowel syndrome in Taiwan. J Gastroenterol.Hepatol. 2011;26 Suppl 3:102-105.
• Chang, F. Y. and Lu, C. L. Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome using complementary and alternative medicine. J Chin Med.Assoc. 2009;72(6):294-300.
• Cohen, B. M. and Dressler, W. E. Acute aromatics inhalation modifies the airways. Effects of the common cold. Respiration 1982;43(4):285-293.
• Dorman, H. J., Kosar, M., Baser, K. H., and Hiltunen, R. Phenolic profile and antioxidant evaluation of Mentha x piperita L. (peppermint) extracts. Nat Prod Commun. 2009;4(4):535-542.
• Duband, F., Carnat, A. P., Carnat, A., Petitjean-Freytet, C., Clair, G., and Lamaison, J. L. [Aromatic and polyphenolic composition of infused peppermint, Mentha x piperita L.]. Ann.Pharm Fr. 1992;50(3):146-155.
• Ebbinghaus K D. A ‘tea’ containing various plant products as adjuvant to chemotherapy of urinary tract infections. Therapiewoche 1985;35:2041-2051.
• Eccles, R. and Jones, A. S. The effect of menthol on nasal resistance to air flow. J Laryngol Otol 1983;97(8):705-709.
• Eccles, R., Griffiths, D. H., Newton, C. G., and Tolley, N. S. The effects of D and L isomers of menthol upon nasal sensation of airflow. J Laryngol Otol 1988;102(6):506-508.
• Enck, P., Junne, F., Klosterhalfen, S., Zipfel, S., and Martens, U. Therapy options in irritable bowel syndrome. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;22(12):1402-1411.
• Fecka, I. and Turek, S. Determination of water-soluble polyphenolic compounds in commercial herbal teas from Lamiaceae: peppermint, melissa, and sage. J Agric.Food Chem 12-26-2007;55(26):10908-10917.
• Gelal, A., Jacob, P., III, Yu, L., and Benowitz, N. L. Disposition kinetics and effects of menthol. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1999;66(2):128-135.
• Geuenich, S., Goffinet, C., Venzke, S., Nolkemper, S., Baumann, I., Plinkert, P., Reichling, J., and Keppler, O. T. Aqueous extracts from peppermint, sage and lemon balm leaves display potent anti-HIV-1 activity by increasing the virion density. Retrovirology. 2008;5:27.
• Gherman, C., Culea, M., and Cozar, O. Comparative analysis of some active principles of herb plants by GC/MS. Talanta 10-2-2000;53(1):253-262.
• Gobel H, Fresenius J, Heinze A, et al. [Effectiveness of Oleum menthae piperitae and paracetamol in therapy of headache of the tension type]. Nervenarzt 1996;67:672-81.
• Green, B. G. Menthol modulates oral sensations of warmth and cold. Physiol Behav 1985;35(3):427-434.
• Han JY, Moosvi Z, Duh E, Park S, Albers GC, Samarasena JB, Karnes W. Oral IB Gard Before Colonoscopy: A Single-Center Double-Blinded, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Dig Dis Sci. 2020.
• Hiki, N., Kaminishi, M., Hasunuma, T., Nakamura, M., Nomura, S., Yahagi, N., Tajiri, H., and Suzuki, H. A phase I study evaluating tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary efficacy of L-menthol in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2011;90(2):221-228.
• Hiki, N., Kaminishi, M., Yasuda, K., Uedo, N., Kobari, M., Sakai, T., Hiratsuka, T., Ohno, K., Honjo, H., Nomura, S., Yahagi, N., Tajiri, H., and Suzuki, H. Multicenter phase II randomized study evaluating dose-response of antiperistaltic effect of L-menthol sprayed onto the gastric mucosa for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Dig Endosc 2012;24(2):79-86.
• Hiki, N., Kurosaka, H., Tatsutomi, Y., Shimoyama, S., Tsuji, E., Kojima, J., Shimizu, N., Ono, H., Hirooka, T., Noguchi, C., Mafune, K., and Kaminishi, M. Peppermint oil reduces gastric spasm during upper endoscopy: a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2003;57(4):475-482.
• Hines, S., Steels, E., Chang, A., and Gibbons, K. Aromatherapy for treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;4:CD007598.
• Ho, C. and Spence, C. Olfactory facilitation of dual-task performance. Neurosci.Lett. 11-25-2005;389(1):35-40.
• Holtmann G, Madisch A, Juergen H, et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial on the effects of an herbal preparation in patients with functional dyspepsia [Abstract]. Ann Mtg Digestive Disease Week 1999 May.
• Holtmann, G., Madisch, A., and Juergen, H. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial on the effects of an herbal preparation in patients with functional dyspepsia [Abstract]. Ann Mtg Digestive Disease Week 1999.
• Hunt R., Dienemann J., Norton H. J., Hartley W., Hudgens A., Stern T., Divine G. Aromatherapy as treatment for postoperative nausea: a randomized trial. Anesth Analg 2013;117(3):597-604.
• Hurrell RF, Reddy M, Cook JD. Inhibition of non-haem iron absorption in man by polyphenolic-containing beverages. Br J Nutr 1999;81:289-95.
• Inoue T, Sugimoto Y, Masuda H, Kamei C. Antiallergic effect of flavonoid glycosides obtained from Mentha piperita L. Biol Pharm Bull 2002;25:256-9.
• Inoue T, Sugimoto Y, Masuda H, Kamei C. Effects of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) extracts on experimental allergic rhinitis in rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2001;24:92-5.
• Jafarimanesh H, Akbari M, Hoseinian R, Zarei M, Harorani M. The effect of peppermint (Mentha piperita) extract on the severity of nausea, vomiting and anorexia in patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy: A randomized controlled trial. Integr Cancer Ther. 2020;19:1534735420967084.
• Jailwala, J., Imperiale, T. F., and Kroenke, K. Pharmacologic treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med 7-18-2000;133(2):136-147.
• Katikova, O. I., Kostin, IaV, and Tishkin, V. S. [Hepatoprotective effect of plant preparations]. Eksp.Klin.Farmakol. 2002;65(1):41-43.
• Katikova, O. I., Kostin, IaV, Iagudina, R. I., and Tishkin, V. S. [Effect of plant preparations on lipid peroxidation parameters in acute toxic hepatitis]. Vopr.Med Khim. 2001;47(6):593-598.
• Lacy BE, Pimentel M, Brenner DM, et al. ACG clinical guideline: Management of irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021;116(1):17-44.
• Lane, B., Cannella, K., Bowen, C., Copelan, D., Nteff, G., Barnes, K., Poudevigne, M., and Lawson, J. Examination of the effectiveness of peppermint aromatherapy on nausea in women post C-section. J Holist Nurs 2012;30(2):90-104.
• Lawson MJ, Knight RE, Tran K, et al. Failure of enteric-coated peppermint oil in the irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized double-blind crossover study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1988;3:235-8.
• Lindemann, J., Tsakiropoulou, E., Scheithauer, M. O., Konstantinidis, I., and Wiesmiller, K. M. Impact of menthol inhalation on nasal mucosal temperature and nasal patency. Am J Rhinol. 2008;22(4):402-405.
• Lua PL, Zakaria NS. A brief review of current scientific evidence involving aromatherapy use for nausea and vomiting. J Altern Complement Med 2012;18:534.
• Mabrouk, S. S. and El Shayeb, N. M. Inhibition of aflatoxin formation by some spices. Z.Lebensm.Unters.Forsch. 1980;171(5):344-347.
• Madisch A, Holtmann G, Mayr G, et al. Treatment of functional dyspepsia with a herbal preparation. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Digestion 2004;69:45-52.
• Madisch A, Melderis H, Mayr G, et al. [A plant extract and its modified preparation in functional dyspepsia. Results of a double-blind placebo controlled comparative study]. Z Gastroenterol 2001;39(7):511-7.
• Maghami M, Afazel MR, Azizi-Fini I, Maghami M. The effect of aromatherapy with peppermint essential oil on nausea and vomiting after cardiac surgery: A randomized clinical trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020;40:101199.
• Mahdavikian S, Fallahi M, Khatony A. Comparing the Effect of Aromatherapy with Peppermint and Lavender Essential Oils on Fatigue of Cardiac Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2021;2021:9925945.
• Maliakal PP, Wanwimolruk S. Effect of herbal teas on hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2001;53:1323-9.
• Marciani, L., Foley, S., Hoad, C. L., Campbell, E., Totman, J. J., and Cox, E. Accelerated small bowel transit and contracted transverse colon in diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D): novel insights from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Gastroenterology 2007;132 (suppl 1):A141.
• Masoumi SZ, Asl HR, Poorolajal J, Panah MH, Oliaei SR. Evaluation of mint efficacy regarding dysmenorrhea in comparison with mefenamic acid: A double blinded randomized crossover study. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2016;21(4):363-7.
• McKay, D. L. and Blumberg, J. B. A review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of peppermint tea (Mentha piperita L.). Phytother.Res 2006;20(8):619-633.
• Morton C. A., Garioch J., Todd P., et al. Contact sensitivity to menthol and peppermint in patients with intra-oral symptoms. Contact Dermatitis 1995;32:281-4.
• Moss, M., Hewitt, S., Moss, L., and Wesnes, K. Modulation of cognitive performance and mood by aromas of peppermint and ylang-ylang. Int J Neurosci 2008;118(1):59-77.
• Mousavi Vahed SH, Afiat M, Dadgar S. Peppermint drop effect on ileus following cesarean section. J Family Med Prim Care 2022;11(4):1435-42.
• Mutluay Yayla E, Izgu N, Ozdemir L, Aslan Erdem S, Kartal M. Sage tea-thyme-peppermint hydrosol oral rinse reduces chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis: A randomized controlled pilot study. Complement Ther Med 2016;27:58-64.
• Naito, K., Ohoka, E., Kato, R., Kondo, Y., and Iwata, S. The effect of L-menthol stimulation of the major palatine nerve on nasal patency. Auris Nasus Larynx 1991;18(3):221-226.
• Nishino, T., Tagaito, Y., and Sakurai, Y. Nasal inhalation of l-menthol reduces respiratory discomfort associated with loaded breathing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;156(1):309-313.
• Nolen HW 3rd, Friend DR. Menthol-beta-D-glucuronide: a potential prodrug for treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome. Pharm Res 1994;11:1707-11.
• Nolkemper, S., Reichling, J., Stintzing, F. C., Carle, R., and Schnitzler, P. Antiviral effect of aqueous extracts from species of the Lamiaceae family against Herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in vitro. Planta Med 2006;72(15):1378-1382.
• Park, M. K. and Lee, E. S. [The effect of aroma inhalation method on stress responses of nursing students]. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi 2004;34(2):344-351.
• Rahimi, R. and Abdollahi, M. Herbal medicines for the management of irritable bowel syndrome: a comprehensive review. World J Gastroenterol. 2-21-2012;18(7):589-600.
• Ramsewak RS, Nair MG, Stommel M, Selanders L. In vitro antagonistic activity of monoterpenes and their mixtures against ‘toe nail fungus’ pathogens. Phytother Res 2003;17:376-9.
• Rogers SN, Pahor AL. A form of stomatitis induced by excessive peppermint consumption. Dent Update 1995;22:36-7.
• Ruepert, L., Quartero, A. O., de Wit, N. J., van der Heijden, G. J., Rubin, G., and Muris, J. W. Bulking agents, antispasmodics and antidepressants for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;(8):CD003460.
• Safajou F, Soltani N, Taghizadeh M, Amouzeshi Z, Sandrous M. The effect of combined inhalation aromatherapy with lemon and peppermint on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: A double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2020;25(5):401-406.
• Samarth, R. M. and Kumar, A. Mentha piperita (Linn.) leaf extract provides protection against radiation induced chromosomal damage in bone marrow of mice. Indian J Exp Biol. 2003;41(3):229-237.
• Samarth, R. M. and Kumar, A. Radioprotection of Swiss albino mice by plant extract Mentha piperita (Linn.). J Radiat.Res (Tokyo) 2003;44(2):101-109.
• Samarth, R. M. and Samarth, M. Protection against radiation-induced testicular damage in Swiss albino mice by Mentha piperita (Linn.). Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2009;104(4):329-334.
• Samarth, R. M. Protection against radiation induced hematopoietic damage in bone marrow of Swiss albino mice by Mentha piperita (Linn). J Radiat.Res (Tokyo) 2007;48(6):523-528.
• Samarth, R. M., Goyal, P. K., and Kumar, A. Modulation of serum phosphatases activity in Swiss albino mice against gamma irradiation by Mentha piperita Linn. Phytother.Res 2002;16(6):586-589.
• Samarth, R. M., Goyal, P. K., and Kumar, A. Modulatory effect of Mentha piperita (Linn.) on serum phosphatases activity in Swiss albino mice against gamma irradiation. Indian J Exp Biol. 2001;39(5):479-482.
• Samarth, R. M., Goyal, P. K., and Kumar, A. Protection of swiss albino mice against whole-body gamma irradiation by Mentha piperita (Linn.). Phytother.Res 2004;18(7):546-550.
• Samarth, R. M., Panwar, M., Kumar, M., and Kumar, A. Radioprotective influence of Mentha piperita (Linn) against gamma irradiation in mice: Antioxidant and radical scavenging activity. Int J Radiat.Biol. 2006;82(5):331-337.
• Samarth, R. M., Saini, M. R., Maharwal, J., Dhaka, A., and Kumar, A. Mentha piperita (Linn) leaf extract provides protection against radiation induced alterations in intestinal mucosa of Swiss albino mice. Indian J Exp Biol. 2002;40(11):1245-1249.
• Sandasi, M., Leonard, C. M., and Viljoen, A. M. The in vitro antibiofilm activity of selected culinary herbs and medicinal plants against Listeria monocytogenes. Lett.Appl.Microbiol. 2010;50(1):30-35.
• Sayyah, M., Melli, M., Rashidi, M. R., Delazar, A., Madarek, E., Kargar Maher, M. H., Ghasemzadeh, A., Sadaghat, K., and Tahmasebi, Z. Effect of peppermint water on prevention of nipple cracks in lactating primiparous women: a randomized controlled trial. Int Breastfeed J 2007;2:7.
• Schmidt, E., Bail, S., Buchbauer, G., Stoilova, I., Atanasova, T., Stoyanova, A., Krastanov, A., and Jirovetz, L. Chemical composition, olfactory evaluation and antioxidant effects of essential oil from Mentha x piperita. Nat Prod Commun. 2009;4(8):1107-1112.
• Schneider MM and Otten MH. Efficacy of colpermin in the treatment of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (abstract). Gastroenterology 1990;98(5):A389.
• Shanazi M, Farshbaf Khalili A, Kamalifard M, Asghari Jafarabadi M, Masoudin K, Esmaeli F. Comparison of the Effects of Lanolin, Peppermint, and Dexpanthenol Creams on Treatment of Traumatic Nipples in Breastfeeding Mothers. J Caring Sci 2015;4(4):297-307.
• Sharma, A., Sharma, M. K., and Kumar, M. Protective effect of Mentha piperita against arsenic-induced toxicity in liver of Swiss albino mice. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2007;100(4):249-257.
• Shaw, G., Srivastava, E. D., Sadlier, M., Swann, P., James, J. Y., and Rhodes, J. Stress management for irritable bowel syndrome: a controlled trial. Digestion 1991;50(1):36-42.
• Shin BC, Lee MS. Effects of aromatherapy acupressure on hemiplegic shoulder pain and motor power in stroke patients: a pilot study. J Altern Complement Med 2007;13(2):247-51.
• Sites DS, Johnson NT, Miller JA, Torbush PH, Hardin JS, Knowles SS, Nance J, Fox TH, Tart RC. Controlled breathing with or without peppermint aromatherapy for postoperative nausea and/or vomiting symptom relief: a randomized controlled trial. J Perianesth Nurs. 2014 Feb;29(1):12-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jopan.2013.09.008.
• Spirling, L. I. and Daniels, I. R. Botanical perspectives on health peppermint: more than just an after-dinner mint. J R.Soc.Promot.Health 2001;121(1):62-63.
• Sroka, Z., Fecka, I., and Cisowski, W. Antiradical and anti-H2O2 properties of polyphenolic compounds from an aqueous peppermint extract. Z Naturforsch.C. 2005;60(11-12):826-832.
• Storr M, Sibaev A, Weiser D, et al. Herbal extracts modulate the amplitude and frequency of slow waves in circular smooth muscle of mouse small intestine. Digestion 2004;70:257-64.
• Stringer, J. and Donald, G. Aromasticks in cancer care: an innovation not to be sniffed at. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2011;17(2):116-121.
• Suares, N. C. and Ford, A. C. Diagnosis and treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Discov.Med. 2011;11(60):425-433.
• Sullivan, T. E., Warm, J. S., Schefft, B. K., Dember, W. N., O’Dell, M. W., and Peterson, S. J. Effects of olfactory stimulation on the vigilance performance of individuals with brain injury. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1998;20(2):227-236.
• Taheri, J. B., Azimi, S., Rafieian, N., and Zanjani, H. A. Herbs in dentistry. Int Dent.J 2011;61(6):287-296.
• Tan, C. C., Wong, K. S., Thirumoorthy, T., Lee, E., and Woo, K-T. A randomized, crossover trial of Sarna and Eurax lotions in treatment of haemodialysis patients with uraemic pruritus. J Dermatol Treat 1990;1(5):235-238.
• Thompson, Coon J. and Ernst, E. Systematic review: herbal medicinal products for non-ulcer dyspepsia. Aliment.Pharmacol Ther 2002;16(10):1689-1699.
• Trinkley, K. E. and Nahata, M. C. Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. J.Clin.Pharm.Ther. 2011;36(3):275-282.
• Umezu, T. and Morita, M. Evidence for the involvement of dopamine in ambulation promoted by menthol in mice. J Pharmacol Sci. 2003;91(2):125-135.
• Umezu, T. Evidence for dopamine involvement in ambulation promoted by menthone in mice. Pharmacol Biochem.Behav. 2009;91(3):315-320.
• Umezu, T. Evidence for dopamine involvement in ambulation promoted by pulegone in mice. Pharmacol Biochem.Behav. 2010;94(4):497-502.
• Unger M, Frank A. Simultaneous determination of the inhibitory potency of herbal extracts on the activity of six major cytochrome P450 enzymes using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and automated online extraction. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2004;18:2273-81.
• Veldhuyzen van Zanten, S. J., Talley, N. J., Bytzer, P., Klein, K. B., Whorwell, P. J., and Zinsmeister, A. R. Design of treatment trials for functional gastrointestinal disorders. Gut 1999;45 Suppl 2:II69-II77.
• Vermaat, H., van Meurs, T., Rustemeyer, T., Bruynzeel, D. P., and Kirtschig, G. Vulval allergic contact dermatitis due to peppermint oil in herbal tea. Contact Dermatitis 2008;58(6):364-365.
• Vidal, F., Vidal, J. C., Gadelha, A. P., Lopes, C. S., Coelho, M. G., and Monteiro-Leal, L. H. Giardia lamblia: the effects of extracts and fractions from Mentha x piperita Lin. (Lamiaceae) on trophozoites. Exp Parasitol. 2007;115(1):25-31.
• Wilkins, T., Pepitone, C., Alex, B., and Schade, R. R. Diagnosis and management of IBS in adults. Am Fam.Physician 9-1-2012;86(5):419-426.
• Wilkinson JM. What do we know about herbal morning sickness treatments? A literature survey. Midwifery 2000;16:224-8.
• Wu J, Xu R, Zhan R, et al. Effective symptomatic treatment for severe and intractable pruritus associated with severe burn-induced hypertrophic scars: A prospective, multicenter, controlled trial. Burns 2016;42(5):1059-66.

Spearmint

• Abe, S., Maruyama, N., Hayama, K., Inouye, S., Oshima, H., and Yamaguchi, H. Suppression of neutrophil recruitment in mice by geranium essential oil. Mediators.Inflamm. 2004;13(1):21-24.
• Abe, S., Maruyama, N., Hayama, K., Ishibashi, H., Inoue, S., Oshima, H., and Yamaguchi, H. Suppression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced neutrophil adherence responses by essential oils. Mediators.Inflamm. 2003;12(6):323-328.
• Akdogan, M., Kilinc, I., Oncu, M., Karaoz, E., and Delibas, N. Investigation of biochemical and histopathological effects of Mentha piperita L. and Mentha spicata L. on kidney tissue in rats. Hum.Exp Toxicol. 2003;22(4):213-219.
• Akdogan, M., Tamer, M. N., Cure, E., Cure, M. C., Koroglu, B. K., and Delibas, N. Effect of spearmint (Mentha spicata Labiatae) teas on androgen levels in women with hirsutism. Phytother.Res 2007;21(5):444-447.
• Andersen, K. E. Contact allergy to toothpaste flavors. Contact Dermatitis 1978;4(4):195-198.
• Arumugam, P. Priya N. Subathra M. Ramesh A. Environmental Toxicology & Pharmacology 2008;26(1):92-95.
• Baker, J. R., Bezance, J. B., Zellaby, E., and Aggleton, J. P. Chewing gum can produce context-dependent effects upon memory. Appetite 2004;43(2):207-210.
• Bonamonte, D., Mundo, L., Daddabbo, M., and Foti, C. Allergic contact dermatitis from Mentha spicata (spearmint). Contact Dermatitis 2001;45(5):298.
• Bulat, R., Fachnie, E., Chauhan, U., Chen, Y., and Tougas, G. Lack of effect of spearmint on lower oesophageal sphincter function and acid reflux in healthy volunteers. Aliment.Pharmacol Ther. 1999;13(6):805-812.
• Clayton, R. and Orton, D. Contact allergy to spearmint oil in a patient with oral lichen planus. Contact Dermatitis 2004;51(5-6):314-315.
• Dal Sacco, D., Gibelli, D., and Gallo, R. Contact allergy in the burning mouth syndrome: a retrospective study on 38 patients. Acta Derm.Venereol. 2005;85(1):63-64.
• de Sousa, D. P., Farias Nobrega, F. F., and de Almeida, R. N. Influence of the chirality of (R)-(-)- and (S)-(+)-carvone in the central nervous system: a comparative study. Chirality 5-5-2007;19(4):264-268.
• Francalanci, S., Sertoli, A., Giorgini, S., Pigatto, P., Santucci, B., and Valsecchi, R. Multicentre study of allergic contact cheilitis from toothpastes. Contact Dermatitis 2000;43(4):216-222.
• Goncalves, J. C., Oliveira, Fde S., Benedito, R. B., de Sousa, D. P., de Almeida, R. N., and de Araujo, D. A. Antinociceptive activity of (-)-carvone: evidence of association with decreased peripheral nerve excitability. Biol Pharm Bull. 2008;31(5):1017-1020.
• Grant, P. Spearmint herbal tea has significant anti-androgen effects in polycystic ovarian syndrome. A randomized controlled trial. Phytother.Res 2010;24(2):186-188.
• Guney, M., Oral, B., Karahanli, N., Mungan, T., and Akdogan, M. The effect of Mentha spicata Labiatae on uterine tissue in rats. Toxicol.Ind.Health 2006;22(8):343-348.
• Imai, H., Osawa, K., Yasuda, H., Hamashima, H., Arai, T., and Sasatsu, M. Inhibition by the essential oils of peppermint and spearmint of the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Microbios 2001;106 Suppl 1:31-39.
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